Scheme 1.

Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of GE@EVs and sequential catalytic therapy against HCC with enhanced intracellular endocytosis. (A) Schematic diagram for the fabrication of GE@EVs, including decoration of ESIONs and covalent linkage with GOD. (B) The scheme of the procedure of intracellular endocytosis and disintegration of GOD-ESIONs@Exo, including receptor ligand binding of RGD. (C) Schematic illustration of theranostic functions of GE@EVs, including free transportation within the blood vessel after intravenous injection, sequential catalytic therapy based on Fenton-like reaction, magnetic resonance imaging, cytotoxic effects on mitochondria and cell apoptosis and necrosis.