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Regulation of mRNA stability by tRFs. (A, B) tRFs bind with different Ago proteins to inhibit targeted mRNA expression via pathways that exert either canonical or noncanonical miRNA-like activity. (C) tRFs cause oncogene transcript degradation by displacing YBX1 from the 3′ UTR of mRNA. Abbreviations: miRNA, microRNA; Ago, Argonaute; YBX1, Y-box-binding protein 1; 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; ORF, open reading frame.
