Table 4.
Associations of sociodemographic factors, aspects of the personal life situation, attitudes towards COVID-19 and resilience with mental wellbeing in the German old age population (n = 1005; age ≥ 65 years) during COVID-19 lockdown – results of multiple regression analyses
| Mental wellbeing outcomes | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms | Anxiety | Somatization | Global severity indexa | Loneliness | |||||||||||
| β coef. | SE | p | β coef. | SE | p | β coef. | SE | p | β coef. | SE | p | β coef. | SE | p | |
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||||||||
| Age | .011 | .014 | .826 | .032 | .011 | .432 | .157 | .019 | .002 | .091 | .036 | .047 | −.063 | .010 | .231 |
| Female sex (ref. male) | −.009 | .138 | .798 | .046 | .145 | .205 | .002 | .195 | .949 | .015 | .382 | .667 | .110 | .106 | .004 |
| Education (ref. high) | |||||||||||||||
| Low | −.058 | .179 | .149 | −.009 | .176 | .814 | −.011 | .274 | .802 | −.031 | .503 | .440 | −.094 | .153 | .061 |
| Middle | −.066 | .190 | .147 | −.046 | .167 | .247 | −.043 | .259 | .336 | −.061 | .506 | .165 | −.082 | .157 | .136 |
| Marital status (ref. married) | |||||||||||||||
| Single | .085 | .367 | .085 | −.058 | .291 | .142 | −.035 | .415 | .388 | −.006 | .863 | .878 | .070 | .295 | .229 |
| Divorced | .068 | .272 | .094 | −.052 | .326 | .293 | −.018 | .572 | .774 | −.003 | 1.008 | .958 | .089 | .293 | .168 |
| Widowed | .175 | .341 | .020 | −.044 | .245 | .421 | .019 | .375 | .753 | .056 | .789 | .374 | .107 | .275 | .226 |
| Living alone (ref. cohabiting) | .059 | .320 | .435 | .058 | .231 | .296 | .062 | .388 | .351 | .069 | .788 | .305 | −.034 | .272 | .720 |
| Aspects of the personal life situation during COVID-19 lockdown | |||||||||||||||
| Duration of quarantine measures | −.021 | .018 | .628 | −.028 | .013 | .358 | −.047 | .022 | .208 | −.039 | .788 | .305 | −.031 | .013 | .494 |
| Frequency of direct contact with others over past week | .048 | .027 | .239 | .033 | .020 | .268 | .039 | .029 | .211 | .050 | .072 | .202 | .021 | .013 | .454 |
| Frequency of indirect contact with others over past week | −.057 | .045 | .094 | −.043 | .047 | .237 | −.033 | .069 | .382 | −.047 | .134 | .202 | .025 | .035 | .526 |
| Receiving support in daily activities (ref. yes) | .038 | .256 | .527 | −.015 | .375 | .708 | .011 | .705 | .771 | −.020 | .165 | .587 | |||
| Partial | .042 | .302 | .360 | .028 | .184 | .331 | −.081 | .246 | .058 | −.027 | .470 | .507 | .020 | .122 | .637 |
| No | −.005 | .174 | .905 | ||||||||||||
| Unchanged health services access (ref. yes) | |||||||||||||||
| Partial | .044 | .170 | .530 | .056 | .187 | .113 | .064 | .267 | .075 | .073 | .480 | .023 | .006 | .127 | .855 |
| No | .025 | .190 | .160 | −.033 | .166 | .339 | .046 | .262 | .241 | .025 | .494 | .499 | .057 | .155 | .224 |
| COVID-19 infection (ref. not applicable) | |||||||||||||||
| Self | .013 | .856 | .569 | .061 | 1.827 | .201 | .032 | .774 | .028 | .042 | 3.268 | .173 | .063 | 2.024 | .411 |
| Household/family member | .042 | .599 | .273 | .007 | .426 | .811 | .053 | .645 | .085 | .051 | 1.290 | .088 | .047 | .358 | .171 |
| Self-isolation (ref. not applicable) | .003 | .549 | .912 | .013 | .379 | .541 | .042 | .547 | .059 | .027 | 1.040 | .211 | −.065 | .317 | .008 |
| SelfHousehold/family member | −.003 | .378 | .936 | .000 | .349 | .988 | .018 | .367 | .453 | .006 | .768 | .812 | −.033 | .255 | .337 |
| Attitudes towards COVID-19 and associated quarantine measures | |||||||||||||||
| Being worried | .076 | .054 | .038 | .096 | .056 | .012 | −.066 | .093 | .149 | .020 | .157 | .608 | .046 | .041 | .257 |
| Feeling threatened | .020 | .071 | .676 | .046 | .063 | .283 | .056 | .102 | .257 | .058 | .191 | .216 | −.005 | .056 | .925 |
| Feeling threatened due to age | −.002 | .070 | .972 | −.016 | .064 | .708 | −.004 | .091 | .933 | .000 | .175 | .999 | .071 | .053 | .177 |
| Feeling threatened due to pre-existing health conditions | .020 | .048 | .609 | −.004 | .049 | .918 | .195 | .070 | <.001 | .106 | .127 | .004 | −.005 | .056 | .925 |
| Supportive of the government’s quarantine measures (ref. yes) | .056 | .226 | .098 | .031 | .206 | .321 | .063 | .274 | .033 | .065 | .577 | .038 | .071 | .053 | .177 |
| Feeling restricted due to quarantine measures | .108 | .050 | <.001 | .061 | .050 | .066 | −.005 | .067 | .868 | .060 | .128 | .048 | .002 | .037 | .956 |
| Resilience | −.316 | .017 | <.001 | −.347 | .016 | <.001 | −.229 | .023 | <.001 | −.352 | .044 | <.001 | −.146 | .013 | <.001 |
| Model aspects | |||||||||||||||
| Constant | 3.664 | 1.184 | .002 | 4.090 | 1.116 | <.001 | 1.067 | 1.528 | .485 | 8.704 | 3.022 | .004 | 5.277 | .779 | <.001 |
| R2 | .237 | .192 | .213 | .263 | .109 | ||||||||||
aGlobal severity index: sum of depressive symptoms, anxiety and somatization. Abbreviations: 95%CI 95% confidence interval; β coef. beta coefficient; p p-value; SE standard error