Table 3.
The prevalence and severity of impacts by dimensions, items and overall OHIP-14 (M) scores between all groups
| Dimensions and items | OHIP-14 (M) Scores | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence: n (%) | p valuea | Severity: mean ± SD | p value | |||||||
| RA-PD (n = 29) | RA (n = 58) | PD (n = 43) | HC (n = 57) | RA-PD (n = 29) | RA (n = 58) | PD (n = 43) | HC (n = 57) | |||
| Functional limitation | 9 (31.3) | 8 (13.8) | 12 (27.9) | 10 (17.5) | 0.213 | 2.93 ± 1.91z | 2.07 ± 1.80 | 3.00 ± 2.26y | 1.77 ± 1.71zy | 0.003b* |
| Difficulty in chewing | 4 (13.8) | 5 (8.6) | 9 (20.9) | 2 (3.5) | 1.45 ± 1.27 | 1.09 ± 1.08 | 1.47 ± 1.37 | 0.82 ± 0.95 | ||
| Bad breath | 6 (20.7) | 4 (6.9) | 9 (20.9) | 8 (14.0) | 1.48 ± 1.35 | 0.98 ± 1.12 | 1.53 ± 1.20 | 0.95 ± 1.23 | ||
| Physical pain | 4 (13.8) | 12 (20.7) | 12 (27.9) | 9 (15.8) | 0.238 | 2.21 ± 1.40 | 2.47 ± 1.82 | 2.70 ± 1.75 | 2.18 ± 1.67 | 0.431b |
| Discomfort eating | 3 (10.3) | 10 (17.2) | 10 (23.3) | 4 (7.0) | 1.07 ± 1.16 | 1.33 ± 1.32 | 1.56 ± 1.26 | 0.95 ± 1.04 | ||
| Oral ulcer | 1 (3.4) | 5 (8.6) | 3 (7.0) | 7 (12.3) | 1.14 ± 0.92 | 1.14 ± 1.07 | 1.14 ± 0.99 | 1.23 ± 1.00 | ||
| Psychological discomfort | 13 (44.8) | 32 (55.2) | 24 (55.8) | 21 (36.8) | 0.213 | 3.10 ± 1.74 | 3.36 ± 1.87 | 3.86 ± 2.13 | 3.04 ± 2.01 | 0.187b |
| Discomfort due to food stuck | 12 (41.4) | 29 (50.0) | 22 (51.1) | 19 (33.3) | 2.31 ± 1.28 | 2.41 ± 1.16 | 2.30 ± 1.10 | 1.86 ± 1.03 | ||
| Felt shy | 1 (3.4) | 8 (13.8) | 9 (20.9) | 9 (15.8) | 0.79 ± 0.90 | 0.95 ± 1.23 | 1.56 ± 1.35 | 1.18 ± 1.30 | ||
| Physical disability | 4 (13.8) | 13 (22.4) | 13 (30.2) | 10 (17.5) | 0.238 | 1.45 ± 1.74z | 1.67 ± 2.07y | 2.67 ± 1.97zy | 1.77 ± 1.75 | 0.023b* |
| Avoid eating food | 2 (6.9) | 11 (19.0) | 11 (25.6) | 4 (7.0) |
0.97 ± 1.02 0.48 ± 1.02 |
1.16 ± 1.30 | 1.67 ± 1.25 | 0.88 ± 1.04 | ||
| Avoid smiling | 2 (6.9) | 5 (8.6) | 4 (9.3) | 8 (14.0) | 0.52 ± 1.06 | 1.00 + 1.25 | 0.89 ± 1.09 | |||
| Psychological disability | 1 (3.4) | 2 (3.4) | 5 (11.6) | 6 (10.5) | 0.213 | 0.76 ± 1.24 | 1.12 ± 1.46 | 1.84 ± 2.06 | 1.53 ± 1.96 | 0.085c |
| Disturbed sleep | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (4.7) | 4 (7.0) | 0.24 ± 0.58 | 0.47 ± 0.75 | 0.84 ± 1.07 | 0.65 ± 1.01 | ||
| Disturbed concentration | 1 (3.4) | 2 (3.4) | 5 (11.6) | 5 (8.8) | 0.52 ± 0.83 | 0.66 ± 0.95 | 1.00 ± 1.18 | 0.88 ± 1.09 | ||
| Social disability | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.8) | 0.261 | 0.41 ± 0.91 | 0.53 ± 1.17 | 0.98 ± 1.50 | 0.53 ± 1.05 | 0.313c |
| Avoid going out | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.10 ± 0.41 | 0.22 ± 0.62 | 0.30 ± 0.67 | 0.18 ± 0.47 | ||
| Daily activities disturbed | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.8) | 0.31 ± 0.66 | 0.31 ± 0.65 | 0.67 ± 0.99 | 0.35 ± 0.67 | ||
| Handicap | 1 (3.4) | 8 (13.8) | 11 (25.6) | 6 (10.5) | 0.213 | 0.86 ± 1.06zy | 1.84 ± 1.99z | 2.19 ± 1.89y | 1.33 ± 1.62 | 0.012c* |
| Spending money | 1 (3.4) | 6 (10.3) | 5 (11.6) | 2 (3.5) | 0.45 ± 0.74 | 1.26 ± 1.22 | 1.02 ± 1.14 | 0.58 ± 0.91 | ||
| Less confident | 0 (0) | 5 (8.6) | 7 (16.3) | 5 (8.8) | 0.41 ± 0.73 | 0.59 ± 1.03 | 1.16 ± 1.34 | 0.75 ± 1.02 | ||
| OHIP-14 (M) | 17 (58.6) | 36 (62.1) | 30 (69.8) | 28 (65.1) | 0.213 | 11.72 ± 7.18 | 13.23 ± 7.89 | 17.23 ± 10.36z | 12.14 ± 9.59z | 0.020b* |
OHIP-14 (M), Oral Health Impact Profile Shortened Malaysian Version; RA, subjects with rheumatoid arthritis only; PD, subjects with periodontitis only; RA-PD, subjects with RA and PD; HC, healthy controls
*Statistically significant difference between two of more groups at p < 0.05; z, y: Statistically significant difference between two groups at p < 0.05 (Tukey HSD)
aPearson Chi-Square Test
bOne-way Anova Test
cKruskal-Wallis Test