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. 2020 Nov 22;17:351. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-02017-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Diesel exhaust impairs TREM2 expression during neuroinflammation. WKY rats were exposed to diesel exhaust (0, 50, 150, or 500 μg/m³) by inhalation for 4 weeks. Representative images taken at × 40 of IBA-1 immunofluorescence in the hippocampus are shown (n = 3). The scale bar depicts 50 μm (a). In the hippocampus, the number of microglia with a volume greater than 600 μm (hypertrophic microglia) (b), the average branch length per microglia (c), and the total number of microglia (d) were counted in the slices were assessed. Tnf (TNFα) mRNA levels were measured in the frontal cortex (e) and hippocampus (f). Trem2 mRNA levels were assessed in the hippocampus (g) and frontal cortex (h). mRNA levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR and normalized to Gapdh using the 2^−ΔΔCT method. i Frontal cortex TREM2 protein levels were analyzed by ELISA. Data are reported as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 when compared to control. ^#p < 0.05 compared between exposure groups (n = 7)