Table 1.
Characteristics and applications of gut-on-chip models.
| Model | Cell type | Supporting materials for cell | Static or fluid flow | Oxygen modulation | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2D model | Caco-2 | Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) porous membrane | Fluid flow (1 μL/min) | No | Intestinal absorptive functionality44 |
| Caco-2 | Polycarbonate (PC) porous membrane | Fluid flow (0.1 μL/min) | No | Drug permeability45 | |
| Caco-2 | PC porous membrane | Fluid flow (25 μL/min) | Yes | Host–microbe molecular interactions46 | |
| Caco-2, HepG2 | Polyester porous membrane | Fluid flow (96 μL/h) | No | First pass metabolism of drugs47 | |
| Caco-2, U937 | PET porous membrane | Fluid flow (10–20 nL/s) | No | Nutrition metabolism and immunomodulatory function48 | |
| Scaffold-based 3D model | Caco-2 | Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds | Static | No | Interaction between pathogen and probiotic49 |
| Caco-2 | Hydrogel scaffold | Fluid flow (100 μL/min) | No | Intestinal absorptive functionality50 | |
| Caco-2 | Hydrogel scaffold | Static | No | Intestinal barrier function51 | |
| Stretching-based 3D model | Caco-2 | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (30 μL/h) | No | Host-microbe co-culture,52,53 enteric virus infection54 |
| Caco-2, PBMCs, capillary HMVECs, lymphatic HMVECs | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (30 μL/h) | No | Gut inflammation model55 | |
| Caco-2, PBMCs | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (50 μL/h) | No | Epithelial–immune interactions and host–microbiome cross-talk56 | |
| Intestinal biopsy-derived organoids | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (60 μL/h) | No | Modeling normal intestinal physiology57 | |
| Caco-2, HIMECs, intestinal organoids | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (60 μL/h) | Yes | Co-culture of anaerobic and aerobic commensal31 | |
| Caco-2 | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (50 μL/h) | Yes | Co-culture of obligate anaerobic gut microbiome58 | |
| Caco-2, human umbilical vein endothelial cells | PDMS porous membrane | Fluid flow (60 μL/h) | No | Recapitulating disease model and countermeasure drugs screening59 |
PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; capillary HMVECs: human capillary microvascular endothelial cells; lymphatic HMVECs: human lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells; HIMECs: human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells.