Table 4.
Association of current/recent presence (recorded within the one-year period of interest) inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and anterior uveitis with disease activity and functional impairment in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (n = 1729): results from multivariable linear regression models.
| Model 1: inflammatory bowel disease |
Model 2: psoriasis |
Model 3: anterior uveitis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | BASDAI β (95% CI) | BASFI β (95% CI) | BASDAI β (95% CI) | BASFI β (95% CI) | BASDAI β (95% CI) | BASFI β (95% CI) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease, present | not present | 0.30 (–0.10, 0.71) | 0.33 (–0.14, 0.80) | – | – | – | – |
| Psoriasis, present | not present | – | – | 0.07 (–0.27, 0.40) | 0.30 (–0.09, 0.70) | – | – |
| Anterior uveitis, present | not present | – | – | – | – | –0.44 (–0.77, –0.10) | –0.38 (–0.77, 0.02) |
| Age | per 10 years | 0.18 (0.11, 0.26) | 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) | 0.18 (0.11, 0.25) | 0.62 (0.53, 0.70) | 0.18 (0.11, 0.25) | 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) |
| Sex | male | 0.59 (0.40, 0.77) | 0.00 (–0.22, 0.22) | 0.58 (0.40, 0.77) | –0.01 (–0.23, 0.22) | 0.57 (0.39, 0.76) | –0.02 (–0.24, 0.21) |
| Rheumatologic care | no | 0.32 (0.10, 0.53) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.81) | 0.31 (0.09, 0.51) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.79) | 0.33 (0.11, 0.54) | 0.59 (0.36, 0.82) |
| Body mass index, kg/m² | per unit | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.11) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.11) |
| Lack of exercise | no | – | 0.62 (0.37, 0.88) | – | 0.63 (0.37, 0.88) | – | 0.61 (0.35, 0.86) |
| Smoking (current) | no | 0.31 (0.06, 0.55) | 0.55 (0.29, 0.81) | 0.30 (0.06, 0.55) | 0.54 (0.28, 0.80) | 0.29 (0.05, 0.54) | 0.54 (0.28, 0.80) |
| Suffering from stress | no | 0.76 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.26 (0.03, 0.49) | 0.76 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.26 (0.03, 0.48) | 0.77 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.27 (0.04, 0.49) |
| Physical therapy | no | 0.35 (0.16, 0.54) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.65) | 0.36 (0.17, 0.55) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.65) | 0.35 (0.17, 0.54) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.65) |
| NSAIDs | no | 0.40 (0.21, 0.60) | – | 0.39 (0.19, 0.58) | – | 0.39 (0.19, 0.58) | – |
| Nonopioid analgesics | no | 0.40 (0.17, 0.62) | 0.48 (0.20, 0.76) | 0.40 (0.17, 0.63) | 0.48 (0.21, 0.76) | 0.38 (0.16, 0.61) | 0.47 (0.19, 0.74) |
| Opioids | no | 1.13 (0.87, 1.40) | 1.75 (1.43, 2.06) | 1.13 (0.87, 1.40) | 1.74 (1.43, 2.06) | 1.14 (0.88, 1.40) | 1.76 (1.44, 2.07) |
| bDMARDs | no | –0.47 (–0.74, –0.20) | – | –0.46 (–0.72, –0.19) | – | –0.45 (–0.72, –0.18) | – |
| Systemic steroids | no | 0.27 (0.03, 0.52) | 0.33 (0.05, 0.62) | 0.29 (0.05, 0.54) | 0.35 (0.06, 0.63) | 0.30 (0.06, 0.55) | 0.36 (0.08, 0.65) |
Variables tested in backward selection: IBD (current), PSO (current), AU (current), age, sex, symptom duration, in rheumatologic care, HLA-B27, body mass index, lack of exercise, smoking, suffering from stress, physical therapy, NSAIDs, nonopioid analgesics, opioids, bDMARDs, csDMARDs, systemic steroids, local injectable steroids, intestinal topical steroids, topical antipsoriatics, systemic oral antipsoriatics, ophthalmologicals. Variables not included in the above table were not chosen by backward selection in any multivariable model. Age, sex, and IBD (only model 1), PSO (only model 2), AU (only model 3) were always included in the respective models. Significant associations are shown in bold.
AU, anterior uveitis; BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; bDMARDs, biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; CI, confidence interval; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PSO, psoriasis.