Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19
| All Patients (n = 689) | Unmatched |
PSM (1:1) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin (n = 346) | Non-insulin (n = 343) | SMD | p | Insulin (n = 183) | Non-insulin (n = 183) | SMD | p | ||
| Age, years | 66 (57–73) | 67 (58–75) | 65 (56–71) | 0.188 | 0.019 | 64 (57–73) | 65 (57–74) | 0.022 | 0.756 |
| Age range, years: <60 (%) | 207 (30.0) | 94 (27.2) | 113 (32.9) | 0.126 | 0.098 | 58 (31.7) | 61 (33.3) | 0.035 | 0.738 |
| Age range, years: ≥60 (%) | 482 (70.0) | 252 (72.8) | 230 (67.1) | 0.126 | 0.098 | 125 (68.3) | 122 (66.7) | 0.035 | 0.738 |
| Gender, male (%) | 364 (52.8) | 187 (54.0) | 177 (51.6) | 0.049 | 0.521 | 98 (53.6) | 97 (53.0) | 0.011 | 0.917 |
| Original Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 333 (48.3) | 156 (45.1) | 177 (51.6) | 0.131 | 0.087 | 84 (45.9) | 89 (48.6) | 0.055 | 0.601 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 95 (13.8) | 43 (12.4) | 52 (15.2) | 0.079 | 0.298 | 21 (11.5) | 25 (13.7) | 0.066 | 0.528 |
| COPD (%) | 9 (1.3) | 4 (1.2) | 5 (1.5) | 0.027 | 0.727 | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | <0.001 | >0.999 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 8 (1.2) | 4 (1.2) | 4 (1.2) | 0.001 | 0.990 | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.1) | 0.061 | 0.562 |
| Vital Signs | |||||||||
| Pulse, beats/min | 89 (80–102) | 90 (80–102) | 88 (78–102) | 0.107 | 0.141 | 88 (80–101) | 86 (78–101) | 0.080 | 0.349 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 20 (20–24) | 20 (20–25) | 20 (20–22) | 0.118 | 0.004 | 20 (20–24) | 20 (20–22) | 0.015 | 0.190 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134 (121–147) | 134 (120–149) | 134 (121–147) | 0.062 | 0.942 | 132 (120–149) | 134 (120–146) | 0.058 | 0.899 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80 (72–89) | 80 (70–89) | 80 (74–88) | 0.009 | 0.484 | 80 (71–87) | 80 (72–87) | 0.110 | 0.504 |
| SpO2 on admission (%) | 97 (94–98) | 97 (94–98) | 97 (95–98) | 0.139 | 0.301 | 97 (94–98) | 97 (95–98) | 0.018 | 0.907 |
| Symptoms (%) | |||||||||
| Fever | 512 (74.3) | 254 (73.4) | 258 (75.2) | 0.041 | 0.587 | 132 (72.1) | 139 (76.0) | 0.087 | 0.404 |
| Cough | 453 (65.7) | 220 (63.6) | 233 (67.9) | 0.092 | 0.229 | 122 (66.7) | 123 (67.2) | 0.012 | 0.912 |
| Sputum production | 309 (44.8) | 161 (46.5) | 148 (43.1) | 0.068 | 0.372 | 83 (45.4) | 80 (43.7) | 0.033 | 0.752 |
| Chest tightness | 105 (15.2) | 50 (14.5) | 55 (16.0) | 0.044 | 0.563 | 29 (15.8) | 27 (14.8) | 0.030 | 0.772 |
| Nausea | 34 (4.9) | 19 (5.5) | 15 (4.4) | 0.052 | 0.498 | 11 (6.0) | 8 (4.4) | 0.074 | 0.48 |
| Diarrhea | 132 (33.9) | 67 (19.3) | 65 (19.0) | 0.011 | 0.890 | 33 (18.0) | 33 (18.0) | <0.001 | >0.999 |
| Muscle aches | 54 (7.8) | 21 (6.1) | 33 (9.6) | 0.132 | 0.083 | 15 (8.2) | 20 (10.9) | 0.093 | 0.374 |
| Pharynx discomfort | 32 (4.6) | 12 (3.5) | 20 (5.8) | 0.112 | 0.141 | 7 (3.8) | 7 (3.8) | <0.001 | >0.999 |
| Fatigue | 113 (16.4) | 55 (15.9) | 58 (16.9) | 0.027 | 0.719 | 32 (17.5) | 33 (18.0) | 0.014 | 0.891 |
Data were presented as medians and interquartile range (Q1–Q3). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SpO2, percutaneous oxygen saturation; SMD, standardized mean difference.