TABLE 2.

Spectrum of cardiac abnormalities in Noonan syndrome

No cardiovascular disease		10–16%
Congenital heart disease	Pulmonary valve stenosis	25–71%
	Atrial septal defect	4–57%
	Ventricular septal defect	1–14%
	Atrioventricular canal defect	1–13%
	Mitral abnormalities	2–17%
	Aortic coarctation	2–9%
	Patent ductus arteriosus	1–6%
	Tetralogy of Fallot	1–4%
Other cardiovascular	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	10–29%
	Arterial aneurysms	<1%

Data obtained from 12 cohorts of patients with a clinically established NS diagnosis, with n ≥ 20: (Burch et al., 1993; Ishizawa, Oho, Dodo, Katori, & Homma, 1996; Marino, Digilio, Toscano, Giannotti, & Dallapiccola, 1999; Bertola et al., 2000; Tartaglia et al., 2002; Sarkozy et al., 2003; Shaw, Kalidas, Crosby, Jeffery, & Patton, 2007; Sznajer et al., 2007; Smpokou, Tworog-Dube, Kucherlapati, & Roberts, 2012; Colquitt & Noonan, 2014; Li, X et al., 2019).