Table 1. Main published works in 2020 regarding drug candidates tested against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of drug, target binding, type of assays and its traditional uses.

Drug	Target	Assays	Usual treatment	Ref.
Arbidol	Binds to hemagglutinin	In vitro	Influenza, arboviruses	[47]
Atazanavir	Inhibition of the 3CLPRO	In silico, in vitro	HIV	[48]
Chloroquine	Immunomodulatory effects, increase endosomal pH required for virus	In vitro, clinical trial	Malaria	[49,50]
Dactinomycin†	RNA synthesis inhibitor	In silico	Cancer	[51]
Darunavir	Protease inhibitor	In silico	HIV	[48,52]
Dolutegravir	Protease inhibitor	In silico	HIV	[42]
Efavirenz	Inhibition of the 3CLPRO	In silico	HIV	[42]
Emetine	Inhibits the replication of RNA viruses	In vitro	Amoebiasis	[53]
Emodin	Blocked the interaction between the spike and ACE2	In silico, in vitro	Cancer	[51]
Favipiravir	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor	In vitro, clinical trial	Influenza	[49,54]
Galidesivir	Bind RdRp	In silico	Hepatitis C virus (HCV)	[55]
Hydroxychloroquine	Immunomodulatory effects, increase endosomal pH required for virus	In vitro, clinical trial	Malaria	[50,56]
Ivermectin		In vitro	Parasites	[57]
Lopinavir-ritonavir	inhibition of the 3CLPRO	In vitro, clinical trial	HIV	[58]
Melatonin‡	regulates ACE2 expression	In silico	Several including insomnia	[45]
Mercaptopurine	Inhibition Papain-like protease	In silico, in vitro	Cancer and auto-immune diseases	[45]
Remdesivir	Inhibition the RdRp/Seems to inhibit of the 3CLPRO	In silico, in vitro, in vivo	HIV/Ebola	[42,43,46,49]
Ribavirin	Inhibits RdRp	In silico	HCV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)	[59]
Saquinavir	inhibition of the 3CLPRO	In silico	HIV	[52]
Sirolimus†	Inhibitor of mTOR	In silico	Antifungal and cancer	[45]
Sofosbuvir	Bind RdRp	In silico	HCV	[55,59]
Tenofovir	Bind RdRp	In silico	HIV	[49]
Tirolone	Inducer of interferon	In vitro	Influenza, hepatitis, viral encephalitis and others	[60,61]
Toremifene	Destabilizing the virus membrane glycoprotein	In silico, in vitro	Cancer	[45]

^†Sirolimus and dactinomycin.

^‡Melatonin and mercaptopurine.