Table 2.
Negative binomial regression results (N = 350)
| Psychological aggression | Corporal punishment | Neglect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| B | B | B | B | B | B | |
| Independent variable | ||||||
| Parenting stress | 1.17*** | 0.99*** | 1.39*** | 1.23*** | 1.18*** | 0.93*** |
| Mediator | ||||||
| Mental health | – | −0.47** | – | −0.54** | – | −0.67*** |
| Control variables | ||||||
| Trigger event (ref. child abuse and neglect) | ||||||
| Parental incarceration | −0.35 | −0.15 | −1.78 | −1.69 | −2.20* | −1.92* |
| Parental mental illness | −1.19* | −1.36* | −1.18 | −1.27 | −2.12* | −2.27** |
| Parental death | −1.02 | −0.92* | −1.08 | −0.85 | −1.33 | −1.81* |
| Parental substance abuse | −0.73 | −0.86 | −1.49* | −1.46* | −2.00** | −2.30** |
| Parental intimate partner violence | −1.36* | −1.42* | −2.54** | −2.62** | −2.20** | −2.60** |
| Parental economic needs | −0.79 | −0.79 | −0.91 | −0.90 | −1.19 | −1.32* |
| Other | −0.75 | −0.88* | −0.81 | −0.91 | −1.59* | −1.92** |
| Grandparent race (ref. White) | ||||||
| Non-White | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.31 | −0.24 | −0.06 |
| Grandparent gender (ref. Male) | ||||||
| Female | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.70 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.14 |
| Grandparent age | 0.04* | 0.05** | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| Grandparent marital status (ref. Married) | ||||||
| Not married | 0.09 | 0.06 | −0.79 | −0.82 | −0.42 | −0.41 |
| Grandparent household income (ref. ≤30,000) | ||||||
| 30,000 - ≤60,000 | −0.07 | −0.26 | −0.44 | −0.54 | 0.26 | 0.20 |
| >60,000 | −0.45 | −0.47 | −1.05* | −1.00* | −0.07 | −0.09 |
| Material hardship | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.39*** | 0.34** |
| Grandparent education (ref. College and above) | ||||||
| Below college | 0.15 | 0.14 | −0.49 | −0.41 | −0.80* | −0.65 |
| Grandparent physical health | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.04 | 0.01 |
| Number of children in the household (ref. one child) | ||||||
| More than one child | −0.14 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.19 | −0.12 | −0.23 |
| Years of care (ref. ≤ one year) | ||||||
| More than one year | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.35 | −0.12 | 0.01 |
| Licensed kinship caregivers (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.60** | 0.50 | 1.47*** | 1.38** | 2.12*** | 1.75*** |
| Labor force status (ref. Full time) | ||||||
| Part time | −1.20*** | −1.29* | −1.40** | −1.49** | −1.08* | −0.99* |
| Don’t work | −0.43 | −0.49 | −1.43* | −1.39* | −0.30 | −0.30 |
| Lost job (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | −0.18 | −0.30 | −0.27 | −0.17 | −0.14 | −0.07 |
| Social support | −0.25* | −0.09 | −0.19 | 0.01 | −0.18 | 0.08 |
| Child age | −0.11** | −0.14*** | −0.19*** | −0.21*** | −0.12* | −0.15** |
| Child gender (ref. Male) | ||||||
| Female | 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.71 | −0.64 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
| Child physical health | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.25 | −0.32 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
| Child mental health | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.25 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 0.04 |
| Model fit | ||||||
| AIC | 1902.25 | 2036.98 | 1301.67 | 1417.12 | 1262.06 | 1212.50 |
| BIC | 2017.98 | 2044.67 | 1417.67 | 1424.84 | 1377.79 | 1328.33 |
Models 1, 3, 5 did not include mental health as a predictor. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001