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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 23.
Published in final edited form as: Trop Biomed. 2020 Jun;37(2):513–535.

Table 2.

Technological breakthroughs and challenges for eliminating malaria in Brazil

Technological breakthroughs Challenges
Types References Types References
1. Modeling (Laporta et al., 2013; Sepúlveda et al., 2015; Castellanos et al., 2015; Pizzitutti et al., 2015) 1. Transfusion-transmitted malaria (Alho et al., 2017)
2. Plasmodium vivax drugs (Daher et al., 2018) 2. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (Daniel-Ribeiro et al., 2008; Silva-Nunes et al., 2012; Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Siqueira et al., 2016; Recht et al., 2017; Daher et al., 2018)
3. Plasmodium vivax vaccine (Cabrera-Mora et al., 2015) 3. Plasmodium vivax relapse (Barbosa et al., 2014; Vitor-Silva et al., 2016; Siqueira et al., 2016; Daher et al., 2018)
4. Ivermectin vector control (Chaccour et al., 2015) 4. Asymptomatic infections (Daniel-Ribeiro et al., 2008; Chuquiyauri et al., 2012; Silva-Nunes et al., 2012; Barbosa et al., 2014; Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Fontoura et al., 2016; Siqueira et al., 2016; Recht et al., 2017)
5. Genomic analysis and molecular tools (Pacheco et al., 2015; Pearson et al., 2016) 5. Variant immunological responses (Costa et al., 2017)
6. Hotspot identification (Rosas-Aguirre et al., 2015; Alencar et al., 2017) 6. Malaria in pregnancy (Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Bótto-Menezes et al., 2016; Bardají et al., 2017; Recht et al., 2017)
7. Decreasing Plasmodium falciparum (Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2010; van Eer et al., 2018) 7. Bromeliad-malaria (Lorenz et al., 2015; Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Alencar et al., 2017)
8. Decreasing severe cases (Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2010) 8. Submicroscopic infections (Barbosa et al., 2014; Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Recht et al., 2017)
9. Naturally acquired immunity vaccine candidate (Daniel-Ribeiro et al., 2008) 9. Evolution of Plasmodium falciparum resistance (Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Recht et al., 2017)
10. International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2012; Pacheco et al., 2015) 10. Vector control (Tauil, 2011; Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Recht et al., 2017)
11. Experimental assays for antimalarial drags (Pedroni et al., 2006) 11. Detection of new foci of infection (Chuquiyauri et al., 2012; Ferreira and Castro, 2016)
12. Housing interventions (Leandro-Reguillo et al., 2015) 12. Environmental changes (Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Siqueira et al., 2016)
13. Integrate surveillance (Ferreira and Castro, 2016; Vitor-Silva et al., 2016)
14. G6PDd issue (Monteiro et al., 2014a, 2014b; Recht et al., 2017)
15. Reservoir-monkeys (Araújo et al., 2013; Brasil et al., 2017; Figueiredo et al., 2017; Alvarenga et al., 2017)
16. Gold mining (Silva-Nunes et al., 2012; Recht et al., 2017)
17. Country border malaria (Chuquiyauri et al., 2012; Recht et al., 2017)
18. Urban malaria (Recht et al., 2017)
19. Complicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (Daniel-Ribeiro et al., 2008; Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2010; Lacerda et al., 2012)
20. Socioeconomic aspects (Siqueira et al., 2016)
21. Chloroquine-induced pruritus (Ballut et al., 2013)
22. Plasmodium vivax high genetic diversity (Fontoura et al., 2016)
23. Human mobility (Tauil, 2011)
24. Indigenous malaria (Leandro-Reguillo et al., 2015)