Table 3.
Supplementation: Production and increase of SPMs
| Diseases/conditions | Doses and regimen | SPMs present | SPMs that are increased by supplementation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic kidney disease | n-3 PUFA; 4 g/day; 8 wks | RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, RvD5 (plasma) | RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, RvD5 | (146) |
| Effect of n-3 in pregnancy on offspring | n-3 PUFA ethyl esters with DHA (56.0%) and EPA (27.7 %); 3.7 g/day; from 20 wks gestation until delivery | 18-HEPE, 17-HDHA RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, RvD1, 17R-RvD1, RvD2 (cord blood) | 18-HEPE, 17-HDHA | (147) |
| Healthy individuals (Serum & plasma) | Study A - ω-3 triglyceride form; 900 mg/d (550 mg EPA and 350 mg dHa) or 1800 mg/d (1100 mg EPA and 700 mg DHA); 5 months Study B - 3.4 grams/d EPA and DHA (in the form of four capsules each containing 460 mg of EPA-ethyl ester and 380 mg of DHA-ethyl ester); 8–12 wks | RvE1, RvD1, 17=HDHA, 18-HEPE (plasma and serum) | RvE1, RvD1, 17=HDHA, 18-HEPE | (31) |
| Peripheral artery disease (OMEGA-PAD II trial) | n-3 PUFA; 325 mg EPA and 225 mg DHA per capsule; 4.4 g (4 capsules)/day; 3 months | RvE1, RvE2, RvE3 (plasma) | RvE3 | (148) |
| Peripheral artery disease with marine oil supplementation | PUFA with EPA (≈46%), n-3 DPA (≈18%), and DHA (≈33%); 1.5, 3, and 4.5 g/day; 5 days | RvEs, RvDs, PD, MaR, MCTRs, PCTRs, RvTs, RvDn-3 DPA, PDn-3 DPA, MaRn-3 DPA (plasma) | MaR | (149) |
| Healthy individuals (marine oil supplementation) | PUFA with EPA (≈46%), n-3 DPA (≈18%), and DHA (≈33%); 1.5, 3, and 4.5 g/day; 2 wks | RvEs, RvDs, PD1, MaR1, MCTRs, PCTRs, RvTs, RvDn-3 DPA, PDn-3 DPA, MaRn-3 DPA (plasma) | RvEs, RvDs, PD1, MaR1, MCTRs, PCTRs, RvTs, RvDn-3 DPA, PDn-3 DPA, MaRn-3 DPA | (20) |
| Arthritis | Microalgae oil (Schizochytrium sp); 2.1 g DHA/day; 10 wks | 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA (plasma) | 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA | (150) |
| Diseases/conditions | Doses and regimen | SPMs present | SPMs that are increased by supplementation | Reference |
| Peritonitis and Sepsis (mouse) | omega-3 lipid emulsions; infusion ~2 mg/g/day; 24 hours | 18-HEPE, MaR1, PDx | 18-HEPE, MaR1, PDX | (151) |
| Liver (rat) | DHA; 300 mg/kg; 3 days; | RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, RvD2 | RvD1, RvD2 | (152) |
| Asthma (mouse) | Long-chain PUFA; 1g/kg EPA, 229.6 mg/kg DHA; 24 days | RvEs, RvDs, PD1, MaR2, MCTRs, PCTRs, RCTRs, RvTs, RvDn-3 DPA, PDn-3 DPA, MaRn-3 DPA (lungs) | RvD1, RvD4 | (154) |
| Brain (neonatal piglet) | Herring oil; 40 mg DHA/kg; 10 days | RvD1 | (155) |