Table 3. Average weekly consumption frequencies of foods and dishes in the FFQ of 2013–2016 KNHANES based on self-reported chewing ability of female subjects.
| Food groups | Food items | Serving size | NDC (n = 9,194) | DC (n = 2,873) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains | Cooked rice with other grains and legumes | 1 rice bowl | 11.63 ± 0.15 | 11.20 ± 0.24* |
| Steamed sweet potatoes·grilled sweet potatoes potatoes | 1 sweet potato | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.03* | |
| Loaf bread | 2 slices | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.03** | |
| Ready-to-eat cereal | 1 soup bowl | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.02** | |
| Meats·fish·eggs·beans | Boiled egg·steamed egg | 1egg | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.05* |
| Tofu·stir-fried tofu·pan-fried tofu | 1cup | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.04** | |
| Squid (raw, dried shredded, boiled, stir-fried)·dried squid | 1/4 squid | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.03** | |
| Vegetables | Korean cabbage kimchi | 1/4 cup | 10.04 ± 0.15 | 9.54 ± 0.23* |
| Grilled laver·raw laver·laver salad | 1 leaf | 2.06 ± 0.06 | 1.87 ± 0.10* | |
| Mungbean sprout (cooked salad, soup)·bean sprout | 1/4 cup | 0.77 ± 0.03 | 0.70 ± 0.04* | |
| Stir-fried mushroom | 1/4 cup | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.03* | |
| Stir-fried lotus roots·stir-fried burdock | 1/4 cup | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.03* | |
| Green laver salad·brown seaweed salad | 1/4 cup | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02* | |
| Stir-fried sea mustard stems | 1/4 cup | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.02* | |
| Fruits | Apple | 1 apple | 2.14 ± 0.05 | 1.85 ± 0.08*** |
| Tomato·cherry tomato | 1 tomato | 1.30 ± 0.03 | 1.17 ± 0.05** | |
| Banana | 1 banana | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.05** | |
| Pear | 1/2 pear | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.02** | |
| Strawberry | 10 strawberries | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.02** | |
| Peach | 1 peach | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02** | |
| Milk·dairy products | Curd type yogurt | 1 serving | 1.70 ± 0.04 | 1.54 ± 0.06** |
| Oils·sugars | Butter·margarine | 2 tea spoon | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01*** |
| Dishes | Tofu stew·soft tofu stew | 1 cup | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.02* |
| Curry rice | 1 serving | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01* | |
| Rice-cake soup | 1 serving | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01** | |
| Budae stew | 1 cup | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01* |
Mean ± SE for weekly consumption frequencies of FFQ items.
FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NDC, not difficult in chewing; DC, difficult in chewing.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 by one-sided survey regression test after adjusted for age, household income, and self-rated health status.