Table 4. Changes in levels of MetS risk factors and the prevalence of participants with risk factors according to changes in adherence to dietary guidelines among the MetS group.
| Negatively changed | Unchanged I1) | Unchanged II1) | Positively changed | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | P-value2) | Pre | Post | P-value2) | Pre | Post | P-value2) | Pre | Post | P-value2) | |||
| Men | ||||||||||||||
| MetS risk factors (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||||||
| WC (cm) | 91.2 ± 7.3 | 90.5 ± 7.4 | < 0.0001 | 92.8 ± 7.0 | 91.6 ± 7.0 | < 0.0001 | 90.6 ± 7.0 | 90.0 ± 6.8 | < 0.0001 | 91.8 ± 7.2 | 90.7 ± 7.0 | < 0.0001 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 134.5 ± 14.0 | 131.6 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001 | 135.8 ± 14.4 | 132.1 ± 13.7 | < 0.0001 | 134.5 ± 13.7 | 130.1 ± 12.3 | < 0.0001 | 134.3 ± 13.7 | 130.5 ± 12.4 | < 0.0001 | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | 86.0 ± 10.3 | 84.6 ± 10.5 | < 0.0001 | 86.7 ± 11.2 | 84.3 ± 10.2 | < 0.0001 | 85.2 ± 9.6 | 82.9 ± 9.5 | < 0.0001 | 85.6 ± 10.4 | 82.9 ± 9.5 | < 0.0001 | ||
| FBG (mg/dL) | 106.7 ± 24.7 | 104.8 ± 22.8 | 0.0018 | 106.3 ± 26.0 | 105.2 ± 29.6 | NS | 109.4 ± 22.8 | 106.3 ± 23.6 | < 0.0001 | 106.4 ± 23.1 | 103.2 ± 17.7 | < 0.0001 | ||
| TG (mg/dL) | 215.7 ± 105.4 | 191.7 ± 103.0 | < 0.0001 | 218.5 ± 105.9 | 196.6 ± 104.1 | < 0.0001 | 219.1 ± 105.0 | 187.5 ± 93.3 | < 0.0001 | 220.1 ± 108.8 | 189.6 ± 98.1 | < 0.0001 | ||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 38.3 ± 10.8 | 42.8 ± 11.3 | < 0.0001 | 40.5 ± 11.5 | 43.5 ± 11.1 | < 0.0001 | 40.1 ± 10.8 | 43.8 ± 10.1 | < 0.0001 | 39.0 ± 10.2 | 43.4 ± 10.1 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Number of MetS risk factors (mean ± SD) | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | < 0.0001 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Prevalence of MetS risk factors (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Abdominal obesity | 63.8 | 53.8 | < 0.0001 | 73.9 | 61.7 | < 0.0001 | 62.5 | 54.0 | < 0.0001 | 66.1 | 55.7 | < 0.0001 | ||
| High blood pressure | 78.7 | 62.3 | < 0.0001 | 79.7 | 61.3 | < 0.0001 | 78.1 | 57.5 | < 0.0001 | 76.2 | 55.4 | < 0.0001 | ||
| High fasting glucose level | 61.2 | 53.0 | < 0.0001 | 59.0 | 48.2 | < 0.0001 | 70.2 | 54.9 | < 0.0001 | 62.2 | 48.7 | < 0.0001 | ||
| High triglyceride level | 75.8 | 57.7 | < 0.0001 | 75.6 | 58.6 | < 0.0001 | 81.1 | 60.8 | < 0.0001 | 79.4 | 59.5 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Low HDL-C level | 65.8 | 40.2 | < 0.0001 | 55.5 | 35.6 | < 0.0001 | 58.5 | 32.4 | < 0.0001 | 63.1 | 34.5 | < 0.0001 | ||
| MetS | 100.0 | 61.9 | NA | 100.0 | 59.0 | NA | 100.0 | 58.5 | NA | 100.0 | 55.9 | NA | ||
| Women | ||||||||||||||
| MetS risk factors (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||||||
| WC (cm) | 86.2 ± 7.8 | 85.6 ± 7.7 | < 0.0001 | 86.6 ± 8.5 | 85.8 ± 9.1 | 0.0114 | 85.3 ± 7.6 | 84.6 ± 7.6 | < 0.0001 | 87.0 ± 7.5 | 85.6 ± 7.4 | < 0.0001 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.3 ± 15.7 | 123.7 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001 | 129.3 ± 16.1 | 125.4 ± 14.7 | < 0.0001 | 129.3 ± 15.0 | 125.5 ± 14.2 | < 0.0001 | 128.9 ± 15.3 | 124.9 ± 13.7 | < 0.0001 | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.7 ± 10.8 | 78.4 ± 9.8 | < 0.0001 | 82.2 ± 11.3 | 80.0 ± 10.5 | 0.0010 | 80.5 ± 10.1 | 78.5 ± 9.4 | < 0.0001 | 81.0 ± 10.8 | 78.5 ± 9.5 | < 0.0001 | ||
| FBG (mg/dL) | 104.5 ± 17.8 | 101.7 ± 14.5 | < 0.0001 | 104.5 ± 17.7 | 102.2 ± 17.1 | 0.0495 | 105.7 ± 20.8 | 102.9 ± 18.0 | < 0.0001 | 104.1 ± 18.8 | 101.0 ± 18.0 | < 0.0001 | ||
| TG (mg/dL) | 190.6 ± 94.7 | 160.1 ± 75.9 | < 0.0001 | 194.9 ± 101.4 | 167.6 ± 88.8 | < 0.0001 | 189.1 ± 93.4 | 161.1 ± 78.5 | < 0.0001 | 189.5 ± 91.2 | 161.2 ± 76.5 | < 0.0001 | ||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.1 ± 10.8 | 49.8 ± 12.0 | < 0.0001 | 43.3 ± 10.6 | 48.5 ± 11.8 | < 0.0001 | 43.3 ± 11.0 | 48.5 ± 11.5 | < 0.0001 | 43.5 ± 10.6 | 49.1 ± 11.3 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Number of MetS risk factors (mean ± SD) | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Prevalence of MetS risk factors (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Abdominal obesity | 63.6 | 54.1 | < 0.0001 | 66.9 | 54.7 | < 0.0001 | 59.7 | 49.0 | < 0.0001 | 68.7 | 53.7 | < 0.0001 | ||
| High blood pressure | 58.3 | 39.4 | < 0.0001 | 64.7 | 44.2 | < 0.0001 | 62.4 | 41.2 | < 0.0001 | 59.5 | 37.9 | < 0.0001 | ||
| High fasting glucose level | 64.5 | 49.1 | < 0.0001 | 59.1 | 51.7 | 0.0168 | 63.8 | 47.3 | < 0.0001 | 60.0 | 43.3 | < 0.0001 | ||
| High triglyceride level | 69.1 | 45.8 | < 0.0001 | 69.5 | 46.5 | < 0.0001 | 68.2 | 45.5 | < 0.0001 | 69.3 | 46.7 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Low HDL-C level | 81.0 | 53.2 | < 0.0001 | 81.8 | 57.3 | < 0.0001 | 81.0 | 55.4 | < 0.0001 | 81.2 | 53.8 | < 0.0001 | ||
| MetS | 100.0 | 51.4 | NA | 100.0 | 58.0 | NA | 100.0 | 51.5 | NA | 100.0 | 50.5 | NA | ||
MetS, metabolic syndrome; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant.
1)Unchanged I: the participants with low adherence scores (0–5) to the dietary guidelines at baseline; Unchanged II: the participants with high adherence scores (6–10) to the dietary guidelines at baseline
2)Mean differences between pre- and post-program were tested using a paired t-test, and changes in prevalence of MetS risk factors were tested using a McNemar's test.