Fig. 4.

Machine learning was applied to develop the diagnostic model for early stages of lung cancer. (A) Machine learning applications build early lung tumor prediction models. (B) To validate diagnosis performance of machine learning models and demonstrate the specificity of metabolic biomarker features of early lung cancer patients found in our study, we created a scrambled set that showed no predictive value. AUC, area under the curve. AdaBoost, Adaptive Boosting. SVM, support vector machines. KNN, k-nearest neighbor.