Table 2.
Electrochemical characterization results of carbon supported Pd85Ni10Bi5/C nanocatalysts developed by instant reduction synthesis method with different modifications compared to commercial Pd/C catalyst
| Catalysts | EASAa (cm2∙mg−1) |
EASAb (cm2∙mg−1) |
ifc (mA∙cm−2) |
ibc (mA∙cm−2) |
if/ibd | Qpa,f/Qpa,be |
Eonsetf (V) |
iStartg (mA∙cm−2) |
iEndg (mA∙cm−2) |
iDh (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pd/C comm. | 446 ± 18 | – | 132.73 | 178.21 | 0.732 ± 0.026 | 1.736 ± 0.029 | 0.249 ± 0.010 | 143.25 | 17.05 | 88 |
| Pd85Ni10Bi5/C(I) | 473 ± 15 | 746 ± 29 | 127.83 | 126.91 | 0.960 ± 0.047 | 2.381 ± 0.028 | 0.206 ± 0.018 | 125.79 | 29.29 | 77 |
| Pd85Ni10Bi5/C(II) | 500 ± 139 | 806 ± 239 | 149.96 | 140.04 | 0.951 ± 0.157 | 2.229 ± 0.439 | 0.199 ± 0.052 | 146.68 | 32.29 | 78 |
| Pd85Ni10Bi5/C(III) | 446 ± 19 | 687 ± 35 | 112.52 | 120.74 | 0.911 ± 0.028 | 2.116 ± 0.066 | 0.185 ± 0.027 | 121.92 | 22.11 | 82 |
a0.05–1.2 V; b0.05–1.5 V; cif and ib, peak current density of forward and backward scan; dif/ib, by-product tolerance using peak current density of forward and backward scan; eQpa,f/Qpa,b, by-product tolerance using the charge of the integrated peak current density area of the forward and backward scan; fEonset, onset potential of the ethanol oxidation; gistart and iEnd, resulting current densities at an applied potential of 0.83 V after 0 s and 3600 s; hiD, loss of current density after stress test at an applied potential of 0.83 V for 3600 s