Table 2.

Refractory symptoms in severe heart failure

Symptom	Prevalence (%)	Intensity (0–10)
Malaise	100	5.1
Dyspnea	92	5.3
Tiredness	92	5.6
Pain	60	2.8
Anorexia	82	3.7
Nausea	28	1.0
Anxiety	68	3.2
Depression	66	3.0
Drowsiness	6	3.6

Spectrum and intensity (mean ESAS score) of refractory symptoms–NHYA III/IV HF

NYHA, New York Heart Association; ESAS, Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (modified from O’Leary et al. [20])