Table 1.

Types of viral elements present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells infected by HIV or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

Causative agent	Cargo	Isolation process	EV characterization	Source	References
HIV*	TAR element RNA	Filtration and ultracentrifugation	Western blot (CD63, CD45, Hsp70#, and Alix) Transmission electron microscopy	Culture supernatant of Jurkat^ and J1.1^ cells	(Narayanan et al., 2013)
		ExoQuick™ reagent and gel filtration Sephadex G-10 spin column		Patient sera
		Size-exclusion chromatography and Nanotrap particle A for CD63+ vesicles	Western blot (CD63 and Hsp70#)	Culture supernatant of Jurkat^ and J1.1^ cells	(Sampey et al., 2016)
	Nef protein	Ultracentrifugation	Western blot (CD9, CD63, and CD81)	Culture supernatant of plasmid Nef-transfected HeLa.CIITA^, Jurkat^ and SupT1^ cells	(Lenassi et al., 2010)
		Differential centrifugation and column-based bead isolation	Western blot (CD63 and CD81)	Culture supernatant of monocytes	(Lee et al., 2016)
		Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation		Patient sera
EBV*	LMP1	Sequential centrifugation	Immunoelectron microscopy	Culture supernatant of DG-75^ and QIMR NB-B95-8^	(Flanagan et al., 2003)

*HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.

^Jurkat; immortalized human T lymphocyte cell line, J1.1; HIV-1 lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) infected Jurkat E6 cell line, HeLaCIITA; immortalized human cervical cell line transfected with class II transactivator, SupT1; human T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma cell line, DG-75; Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line, QIMR NB-B95-8; EBV-positive A-type lymphoblastoid cell line.

^#Hsp70 is not commonly used as EV markers despite being found in EVs (Théry et al., 2018).