Fig. 4. Examples of localized frustration patterns in protein complexes.

For each binding complex, the frustration indices are shown as calculated for the complex using both all-atom frustration (left panel) and coarse-grained frustration (right panel). Binding interfaces in (a–e) are largely dry interfaces dominated by non-water-mediated contacts, while the interfaces in (f) and (g) are rich in water-mediated contacts.