Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratiosa and 95% confidence intervals for foetal acidosis based on gestational weight gain described in the 2009 IOM guidelines.
| BMI category (kg/m2) | Gestational weight gain | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Insufficient | Appropriate | Excessive | |
| UmA-pH < 7.2 | |||
| Group A; BMI < 18.5 (n = 10,935) | n = 7920 | n = 2759 | n = 256 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | Ref | 1.13 (0.69–1.83) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | Ref | 1.14 (0.70–1.85) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | Ref | 1.15 (0.71–1.87) |
| Group B; BMI 18.5–< 25.0 (n = 52,903) | n = 31,671 | n = 17,489 | n = 3743 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | Ref | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | Ref | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | Ref | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) |
| Group C; BMI 25.0–< 30.0 (n = 6072) | n = 2125 | n = 2383 | n = 1564 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.73–1.19) | Ref | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | Ref | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | Ref | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) |
| Group D; BMI ≥ 30 (n = 1889) | n = 888 | n = 567 | n = 434 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.97 (0.65–1.46) | Ref | 0.98 (0.61–1.57) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | Ref | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | Ref | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) |
| UmA-pH < 7.1 | |||
| Group A; BMI < 18.5 (n = 10,935) | n = 7920 | n = 2759 | n = 256 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | Ref | 1.71 (0.66–4.46) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | Ref | 1.75 (0.67–4.58) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | Ref | 1.71 (0.66–4.48) |
| Group B; BMI 18.5–< 25.0 (n = 52,903) | n = 31,671 | n = 17,489 | n = 3743 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | Ref | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | Ref | 1.35 (0.99–1.83) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | Ref | 1.35 (0.99–1.82) |
| Group C; BMI 25.0–< 30.0 (n = 6072) | n = 2125 | n = 2383 | n = 1564 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 1.33 (0.75–2.38) | Ref | 2.07 (1.19–3.60) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 1.26 (0.70–2.25) | Ref | 2.08 (1.19–3.61) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 1.26 (0.70–2.25) | Ref | 2.08 (1.19–3.61) |
| Group D; BMI ≥ 30 (n = 1889) | n = 888 | n = 567 | n = 434 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 1.94 (0.62–6.08) | Ref | 2.64 (0.80–8.71) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 1.80 (0.57–5.67) | Ref | 2.71 (0.82–9.00) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 1.80 (0.57–5.67) | Ref | 2.71 (0.82–9.00) |
Logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for UmA-pH < 7.20, with women with appropriate gestational weight gain as the reference. BMI body mass index, IOM Institute of Medicine, UmA-pH umbilical artery pH.
aModel 1 adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, annual household income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and parity. Model 2 adjusted for covariates in Model 1 and preterm birth and small-for-gestational age infants. Model 3 adjusted for covariates in Model 2 and mode of delivery.