Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratiosa and 95% confidence intervals for foetal acidosis based on gestational weight gain described in Japanese criteria28.
| BMI category (kg/m2) | Gestational weight gain | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Insufficient | Appropriate | Excessive | |
| UmA-pH < 7.2 | |||
| Group 1; BMI < 18.5 (n = 10,935) | n = 5550 | n = 3316 | n = 2069 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | Ref | 0.98 (0.79–1.23) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | Ref | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | Ref | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) |
| Group 2; BMI 18.5–< 20.0 (n = 17,418) | n = 6310 | n = 6229 | n = 4879 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | Ref | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | Ref | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | Ref | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) |
| Group 3; BMI 20.0–< 23.0 (n = 27,835) | n = 7248 | n = 9849 | n = 10,738 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | Ref | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | Ref | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | Ref | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
| Group 4; BMI 23.0–< 25.0 (n = 7650) | n = 1054 | n = 2622 | n = 3974 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | Ref | 1.21 (0.99–1.49) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | Ref | 1.25 (1.01–1.54) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | Ref | 1.25 (1.02–1.54) |
| Group 5; BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 7961) | n = 893 | n = 2488 | n = 4580 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.87 (0.64–1.20) | Ref | 1.05 (0.86–1.27) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) | Ref | 1.06 (0.88–1.29) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.87 (0.63–1.19) | Ref | 1.07 (0.88–1.29) |
| UmA-pH < 7.1 | |||
| Group 1; BMI < 18.5 (n = 10,935) | n = 5550 | n = 3316 | n = 2069 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 1.23 (0.79–1.91) | Ref | 1.41 (0.83–2.39) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 1.07 (0.68–1.67) | Ref | 1.48 (0.87–2.50) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 1.07 (0.68–1.67) | Ref | 1.47 (0.87–2.49) |
| Group 2; BMI 18.5–< 20.0 (n = 17,418) | n = 6310 | n = 6229 | n = 4879 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 1.00 (0.71–1.43) | Ref | 1.20 (0.84–1.72) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | Ref | 1.24 (0.87–1.78) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | Ref | 1.24 (0.86–1.78) |
| Group 3; BMI 20.0–< 23.0 (n = 27,835) | n = 7248 | n = 9849 | n = 10,738 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | Ref | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | Ref | 1.06 (0.82–1.35) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | Ref | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) |
| Group 4; BMI 23.0–< 25.0 (n = 7650) | n = 1054 | n = 2622 | n = 3974 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 1.56 (0.79–3.05) | Ref | 1.66 (1.01–2.74) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 1.50 (0.76–2.96) | Ref | 1.72 (1.04–2.84) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 1.50 (0.76–2.96) | Ref | 1.71 (1.04–2.83) |
| Group 5; BMI ≥ 25 (n = 7961) | n = 893 | n = 2488 | n = 4,580 |
| Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | 0.57 (0.25–1.30) | Ref | 1.00 (0.66–1.53) |
| Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | 0.54 (0.24–1.24) | Ref | 1.07 (0.70–1.63) |
| Model 3 aOR (95% CI) | 0.54 (0.24–1.24) | Ref | 1.07 (0.70–1.63) |
Logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for UmA-pH < 7.20 and for UmA-pH < 7.10, with women with appropriate gestational weight gain as the reference. BMI body mass index, UmA-pH umbilical artery pH.
aModel 1 adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, annual household income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and parity. Model 2 adjusted for covariates in Model 1 and preterm birth and small-for-gestational age infants. Model 3 adjusted for covariates in Model 2 and mode of delivery.