Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Nov 23;10:20323. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76346-1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Circulating levels of (A) betaine, (B) choline, (C) trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and (D) creatinine in human subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 (black bars) compared to different animal species with a CKD-like status, i.e. free-ranging brown bears during hibernation (dark grey bars), as well as captive lions and tigers (light grey bars). Results are shown as median (interquartile range). Overall p values between the four groups were assessed by non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test. Group-wise comparisons using Bonferroni post hoc analysis are described in the Results section. Number of subjects/animals included in each group is depicted. TMAO levels could not be detected in hibernating free-ranging brown bears.