TABLE 2.
Differences in vitamin consumption according to diet and gender after 1 year (subjects with data after 1 year)
| EAR | High fiber | Low carbohydrate | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 24) | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Fat‐soluble vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A (retinol) (IU) | ||||
| Both genders | 7,594.5 (1,342.2) | 8,019.3 (891.6) | .808 | |
| Male | 2,083 | 10,100.0 (19,629.6) | 9,427.4 (7,906.6) | .478 |
| Female | 1,667 | 6,627.4 (7,094.3) | 7,333.3 (6,170.9) | |
| Vitamin D (calciferol) (mcg) | ||||
| Both genders | 2.7 (0.3) | 3.1 (0.4) | .406 | |
| Male | 10 | 3.0 (3.2) | 3.9 (2.8) | .339 |
| Female | 10 | 2.5 (2.7) | 2.7 (2.7) | |
| Vitamin E (alpha‐tocopherol) (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 8.1 (0.8) | 7.9 (0.8) | .817 | |
| Male | 12 | 8.8 (6.8) | 10.1 (8.8) | .298 |
| Female | 12 | 7.9 (7.2) | 6.8 (3.4) | |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) (mcg) | ||||
| Both genders | 124.0 (15.0) | 220.0 (39.1) | .025* | |
| Male | – a | 148.8 (168.5) | 226.7 (287.5) | .084 |
| Female | – a | 114.5 (118.0) | 216.8 (306.2) | |
| Water‐soluble vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 93.8 (7.0) | 87.6 (9.8) | .599 | |
| Male | 75 | 82.7 (61.4) | 75.8 (65,4) | .582 |
| Female | 60 | 98.1 (62.7) | 93.4 (78.5) | |
| Thiamin (B1) (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.8 (0.4) | .213 | |
| Male | 1.0 | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (1.1) | .380 |
| Female | 0.9 | 1.3 (0.6) | 2.0 (3.4) | |
| Riboflavin (B2) (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.8 (0.1) | .153 | |
| Male | 1.1 | 1.9 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.8) | .003* |
| Female | 0.9 | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.6) | |
| Niacin (B3) (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 19.4 (1.0) | 22.2 (1.6) | .142 | |
| Male | 12 | 22.3 (11.0) | 27.3 (14.4) | .043* |
| Female | 11 | 18.3 (8.3( | 19.7 (10.6) | |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 4.6 (0.2) | 5.1 (0.3) | .171 | |
| Male | – a | 5.7 (2.7) | 5.8 (2.1) | .002* |
| Female | – a | 4.2 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.8) | |
| Pyridoxine (B6) (mg) | ||||
| Both genders | 1.8 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.1) | .529 | |
| Male | 1.1 | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.9) | .054 |
| Female | 1.1 | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | |
| Folate (mcg) | ||||
| Both genders | 479.9 (34.0) | 333.8 (22.1) | <.001* | |
| Male | 320 | 540.8 (295.7) | 335.0 (137.9) | .007* |
| Female | 320 | 456.4 (303.5) | 333.2 (182.8) | |
| Cobalamin (B12) (mcg) | ||||
| Both genders | 3.1 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.4) | .026* | |
| Male | 2.0 | 3.5 (2.6) | 5.0 (3.6) | .034* |
| Female | 2.0 | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.7 (2.4) | |
Abbreviations: IU, international units; mcg, micrograms; mg, milligrams.
a
EARs have not been established for vitamin K or pantothenic acid.
*
p‐value < .05.