. 2020 Nov 23;10(11):e038182. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038182

Table 2.

Major findings from the selected studies used in this review

Ref.	Country	Screening tool	Gold standard	Study	Participants	Key findings
Parents/Caregiver reported tools
General screening tools
38	India	Ages and Stages Questionnaire II (ASQ-II)	Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 200	Overall	Sensitivity 83.3%
	Lower-middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 4, 10, 18 and 24 months		Specificity 75.4%
					Convenience sample
39	China	Ages and Stages Questionnaire III (ASQ-III)	Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 1831	Overall	Sensitivity 76.52%
	Upper-middle income			Setting: community	Age: 5–24 months		Specificity 40.97%
					Cluster random sample
42	Turkey	Guide for Monitoring Child Development (GMCD)	Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 79	Overall	Sensitivity 88%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 1–24 months		Specificity 93%
					Random sample
46	India	Lucknow Development ScreenDevelopmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII)	Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 142	Overall	Sensitivity 95.9%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 6–24 months		Specificity 73.1%
			Vineland Social Maturity Scale		Convenience sample
48	India	New Delhi-Development Screening Questionnaire (ND-DSQ)	Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 200	9 months	Sensitivity 100%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 9 and 18 months	9 months	Specificity 87.2%
					Convenience sample	18 months	Sensitivity 91.4%
						18 months	Specificity 88.7%
49	Thailand	Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS)	Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status: Developmental Milestones, Assessment Level	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 266	≥1 significant concern	Sensitivity 67.7%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 9, 18 and 30 months	≥1 significant concern	Specificity 60.7%
					Convenience sample	≥2 significant concerns	Sensitivity 27.7%
						≥2 significant concerns	Specificity 93.0%
50	Thailand	Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS- Thai)	Mullen Scales of Early Learning	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 137	Overall	Sensitivity 92.8%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 18–30 months		Specificity 49.2%
					Convenience sample
53	Benin	Ten Questions Screening Instrument (TQSI)	Mullen Scales of Early Learning	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 357	Motor	Sensitivity 76.5%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting	Age: 12 months		Specificity 75.7%
				Screening: household	Random sample
				Assessment: health centre		Overall	Sensitivity 81%
						Overall	Specificity 31%
Motor screening tools
45	South Africa	Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (Litttle DCDQ)	Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 53	Overall	Sensitivity 57.14%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: nursery schools	Age: 3–5 years		Specificity 81.25%
					Convenience sample
Direct child testing/observation tools
General screening tools
41	Bangladesh	Development Screening Questionnaire (DSQ)	Rapid Neurodevelopmental Assessment (RNDA)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 197	Overall	Sensitivity 47.1%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: screening- household	Age: 0–2 years		Specificity 97.2%
				Assessment: hospital	Random sample
47	Mongolia	Mongolian Rapid Baby Scale (MORBAS)	Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSID-III)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 150	Overall	Sensitivity 81.8%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 0 month 16 days–42 months 15 days		Specificity 52.3%
					Convenience sample
51	India	Revised Prescreening Denver Questionnaire (R-PDQ)	Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 126	Delay in ≥1 domain	Sensitivity 100%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: community	Age: 2–4 years	Delay in ≥1 domain	Specificity 7.8%
					Cluster random sample	Delay in ≥2 domains	Sensitivity 18.2%
						Delay in ≥2 domains	Specificity 42.6%
52	South Africa	Road to Health Booklet Developmental Checklist (RTHB-DC)	Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS)	Design: comparative cross-sectional within-subject	Sample: 201	Overall	Sensitivity 25%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: Primary Health Centre clinics	Age: 6–12 months		Specificity 91%
			Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status: Developmental Milestones		Convenience sample
54	India	Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart (TDSC)	Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 1945	Overall	Sensitivity 66.7%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: hospital+community	Age: 0–2 years		Specificity 78.8%
					Cluster random sample
55	India	Woodside Screening Technique (WSST)	Gesell’s Developmental Schedules (GDS)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 619	Overall	Sensitivity 83%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: community	Age: 6 weeks–2 years		Specificity 88%
					Random sample
Language screening tools
40	Brazil	American Speech-Language and Hearing Association (ASHA)	Child Language Test in Phonology, Vocabulary, Fluency and Pragmatics (ABFW)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 1000	Overall	Sensitivity 82.5%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: community	Age: 0–5 years		Specificity 98.93%
					Random sample
44	India	Language Evaluation Scale Trivandrum for 0–3 years (LEST 0-3)	Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Scale (REELS)	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 643	One item delay	Sensitivity 95.8%
	Lower-Middle income			Setting: community	Age: 0–3 years	One item delay	Specificity 77.5%
					Cluster random sample	Two item delay	Sensitivity 66.7%
						Two item delay	Specificity 94.8%
Motor screening tools
43	Iran	Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB)	Developmental Assessment by Paediatric Neurologist	Design: cross-sectional	Sample: 153	Overall	Sensitivity 90%
	Upper-Middle income			Setting: hospital	Age: 4–18 months		Specificity 83%
					Random sample