Table 3.

Some studies showing relevant epigenetic mechanisms underlying obesity-related inflammation

Study model	Epigenetic signatures	Modification types	Reference
DNA methylation
Human adipocytes	Global DNA methylation	↑	[71]
Human subcutaneous adipose tissue	Methylation of 17 novel obesity-associated genes	DMRs	[72]
Human white blood cells	Methylation of four CpGs in the first exon of TLR4 gene	↓	[73]
Human white blood cells	DNA methylation of IL6 gene promoter	↑	[74]
Human peripheral white blood cells	DNA methylation of 375 CpGs	DMRs	[75]
Human adipose-derived stem cells	Global DNA methylation	↓	[76]
Human visceral adipose	8578 methylation probes (3258 annotated genes)	DMRs	[77]
Human visceral adipose	Global DNA methylation affecting DNMT expression	DMRs	[78]
Mice macrophages	DNMT3b expression	↑	[79]
Mice adipose tissue	Dnmt3a expression	↑	[80]
Mice adipose tissue	KLF14 gene methylation	↑	[81]
Porcine leukocytes	Global DNA methylation	↑	[82]
Mice white adipose tissue	Ankrd26 gene methylation	↑	[83]
Human peripheral white blood cells	ANKRD26 methylation	↑	[84]
Human monocyte-derived macrophages	IL1B gene promoter methylation	↑	[85]
Human monocyte-derived macrophages	IL10 gene promoter methylation	↓	[85]
Human cord blood monocytes	Global DNA methylation	↓	[86]
miRNA profiles
Human subcutaneous adipose	Obesity-related miRNAs expression	DERs	[87]
Human adipose tissue	Exosomal miRNAs expression	DERs	[88]
Human plasma	miR-34a expression	↑	[89]
Human plasma	miR-126, miR-146a and miR-150 expression	↓	[89]
Human adipose tissue	miR-221, miR-222, and miR-155	↑	[90]
Human peripheral blood	MiR-374a-5p expression	↑	[91]
Human Th17 cells	miR-326 expression	↑	[92]
Mice adipose tissue macrophages	miR-30 expression	↓	[93]
Mice adipose tissue	miR-34a expression	↑	[94]
Mice adipose tissue macrophages	miR-155 expression	↑	[95]
Human adipose tissue	miR-155 expression	↑	[96]
Mice adipose tissue	miR-27a expression	↑	[97]
Mice peritoneal macrophages	miR-130b expression	↑	[98]
Human adipose tissue	miR-320 expression	↑	[99]
Mice adipose tissue	miR-221 expression	↑	[100]
Human macrophages	miR-223 expression	↑	[101]
Human adipose tissue	miR-193b and miR-126 expressions	↑	[102]
Mice adipose tissue	miR-1934 expression	↓	[103]
Mice adipose tissue	miR883b-5p expression	↓	[104]
Mice adipose tissue macrophages	miRNA-146a	↓	[105]
Mice adipose tissue	miR-706 expression	↓	[106]
Human PBMCs	miR-21 expression	↓	[107]
Mice adipose tissue	miR-301a expression	↓	[108]
Mouse chondrocytes	miR-26a expression	↓	[109]
Histone modifications
Human adipose tissue	HDAC2 expression	↑	[110]
Human adipose tissue	HDAC4, 5, and 6	↓	[110]
Mice adipose tissue	KDM1A expression	↓	[111]
Human and mice adipose tissue	SirT1 expression	↓	[112]
Mice adipose tissue	Lipin 1 expression and HDAC recruitment	↓	[113]

DMRs Differentially methylated regions, DERs differentially expressed regions