Table 1.
Sample characteristics by group
| BPD-ACU (n = 60) |
BPD-REM (n = 35) |
HC (n = 60) |
group differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (in years) | χ2(2) = 59.42, p < .001 | |||
| mean (SD) | 27.22 (7.01) | 43.60 (9.32) | 27.83 (6.12) | |
| median (min – max) | 26 (18–45) | 41 (31–64) | 26 (18–44) | |
| Psychotropic medication, n (%) | 40 (67%) | 22 (63%) | – | χ2(1) = .437, p = .51 |
| Axis I comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Major depressive disorder | 38 (63%) | 9 (26%) | – | χ2(1) = 12.52, p ≤ .001 |
| Dysthymia | 3 (5%) | 4 (11%) | – | χ2(1) = 1.34, p = .25 |
| Panic disorder | 17 (28%) | 5 (14%) | – | χ2(1) = 2.45, p = .12 |
| Social phobia | 10 (17%) | 5 (14%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.09, p = .76 |
| Specific phobia | 3 (5%) | 4 (11%) | – | χ2(1) = 1.34, p = .25 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 4 (7%) | 3 (9%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.12, p = .73 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 21 (35%) | 12 (34%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.01, p = .94 |
| Somatization disorder | 7 (12%) | 0 (0%) | χ2(1) = 4.41, p ≤ .05 | |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 6 (10%) | 2 (6%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.53, p = .47 |
| Harmful use of substances | 8 (13%) | 7 (20%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.74, p = .39 |
| Bulimia nervosa | 10 (17%) | 0 (0%) | – | χ2(1) = 6.52, p ≤ .01 |
| Anorexia nervosa | 2 (3%) | 1 (3%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.02, p = .90 |
| Binge eating disorder | 7 (12%) | 1 (3%) | – | χ2(1) = 2.23, p = .14 |
| Other eating disorders | 4 (7%) | 1 (3%) | – | χ2(1) = 0.64, p = .42 |
| Axis II comorbiditiesa, n (%) | ||||
| Cluster A | 16 (27%) | 0 (0%) | – | χ2(1) = 11.66, p ≤ .001 |
| Cluster Bb | 6 (10%) | 1 (3%) | – | χ2(1) = 1.76, p = .19 |
| Cluster C | 34 (59%) | 1 (3%) | – | χ2(1) = 28.92, p ≤ .001 |
| Number of BPD criteria | U(60,35) = 1.50, p ≤ .001 | |||
| mean (SD) | 7.21 (1.35) | 1.54 (1.13) | – | |
| median (min – max) | 7 (5–9) | 1 (0–4) | – | |
| Total number of self-reports (maximum of 48)c | χ2(2) = 1.24, p = .54 | |||
| mean (SD) | 42.18 (5.85) | 43.74 (6.99) | 40.97 (6.99) | |
| median (min – max) | 44 (26–48) | 45 (29–48) | 43 (24–48) | |
| Compliance ratec, % | χ2(2) = 1.25, p = .54 | |||
| mean (SD) | 88.78 (12.19) | 88.97 (10.73) | 91.49 (8.05) | |
| median (min – max) | 91.67 (46–100) | 93.75 (60–100) | 93.75 (63–100) | |
| Post-monitoring questionnaire | χ2(2) = 17.03, p ≤ .001 | |||
| mean (SD) | 2.35 (0.62) | 2.10 (0.74) | 1.90 (0.60) | |
| median (min – max) | 2.33 (1.17–3.67) | 1.83 (1.17–4.00) | 1.83 (1.17–4.00) | |
Note: a based on 58 patients in the BPD-ACU group; b in addition to the BPD diagnosis; c based on 34 participants in the BPD-REM group; the BPD-ACU and the HC group have been reported in Santangelo et al. [18]