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. 2020 Nov 24;9:32. doi: 10.1186/s40164-020-00191-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — cAMP signaling pathway. The generation of cAMP is regulated in a G-protein dependent manner by AC or G-protein independent manner by sAC. The degradation of cAMP is regulated by PDEs. cAMP can regulate multiple signaling pathways including ion channes, Epac, and PKA. R the regulatory subunit of PKA, C the catalytic subunit of PKA