Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Year | Author | Orthopedic population | Study design | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | Hung et al. [17] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 288 |
| 2014 | Hung et al. [18] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 311 |
| 2014 | Hung et al. [19] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 126 |
| 2014 | Hung et al. [3] | Trauma patients | Cross-sectional study | 153 |
| 2014 | Hunt et al. [20] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 140 |
| 2014 | Papuga et al. [21] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 106 |
| 2014 | Tyser et al. [22] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 134 |
| 2015 | Beckmann et al. [24] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 187 |
| 2015 | Mellema et al. [23] | Upper extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 136 |
| 2015 | Morgan et al. [25] | Trauma patients | Cross-sectional study | 47 |
| 2015 | Overbeek et al. [103] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 93 |
| 2015 | Stuart et al. [26] | Trauma patients | Cross-sectional study | 55 |
| 2016 | Beckmann et al. [29] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 379 |
| 2016 | Dasa et al. [33] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 100 |
| 2016 | Fuchs et al. [27] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 93 |
| 2016 | Hermanussen et al. [37] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 111 |
| 2016 | Ho et al. [28] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 61 |
| 2016 | Nota et al. [30] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 193 |
| 2016 | Oak et al. [34] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 45 |
| 2016 | Papuga et al. [35] | Spine patients | Cross-sectional study | 319 |
| 2016 | Parrish et al. [31] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 112 |
| 2016 | Peters et al. [32] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 115 |
| 2016 | van Leeuwen et al. [36] | Trauma patients | Cross-sectional study | 124 |
| 2017 | Anthony et al. [46] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 70 |
| 2017 | Anthony et al. [45] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 82 |
| 2017 | Beleckas et al. [41] | Upper extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 5202 |
| 2017 | Dowdle et al. [47] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 53 |
| 2017 | Hancock et al. [43] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 107 |
| 2017 | Henn et al. [53] | Upper extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 300 |
| 2017 | Kaat et al. [52] | Trauma patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 132 |
| 2017 | Kazmers et al. [54] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 1299 |
| 2017 | Kleimeyer et al. [50] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 88 |
| 2017 | Koltsov et al. [38] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 191 |
| 2017 | Nixon et al. [39] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 85 |
| 2017 | Oh et al. [40] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 125 |
| 2017 | Purvis et al. [49] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 148 |
| 2017 | Sheean et al. [42] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 42 |
| 2017 | St John et al. [55] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 722 |
| 2018 | Alvarez-Nebreda et al. [102] | Trauma patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 273 |
| (101) | Anderson et al. [100] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 61 |
| 2018 | Anderson et al. [101] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 88 |
| 2018 | Austin et al. [99] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 2308 |
| 2018 | Beleckas et al. [97] | General orthopedics | Cross-sectional study | 14679 |
| 2018 | Beleckas et al. [98] | General orthopedics | Retrospective cohort | 3339 |
| 2018 | Beleckas et al. [58] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 3315 |
| 2018 | Bernholt et al. [96] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 75 |
| 2018 | Bernstein et al. [95] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 500 |
| 2018 | Bhatt et al. [94] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 78 |
| 2018 | Boody et al. [56] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 59 |
| 2018 | Cavallero et al. [93] | Trauma patients | Retrospective cohort | 56 |
| 2018 | Chen et al. [92] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 233 |
| 2018 | Crijns et al. [91] | Upper extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 4511 |
| 2018 | Fisherauer et al. [59] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 105 |
| 2018 | Fram et al. [90] | Upper extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 11 |
| 2018 | Gausden et al. [89] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective Observational study) | 132 |
| 2018 | Gausden et al. [88] | Trauma patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 174 |
| 2018 | Hancock et al. [87] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 100 |
| 2018 | Haskell et al. [61] | General orthopedics | Cross-sectional study | 4524 |
| 2018 | Haws et al. [86] | Spine patients | Retrospective cohort | 74 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [85] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective Observational study) | 785 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [44] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 983 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [83] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 2226 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [84] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 3069 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [81] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 763 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [82] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 1945 |
| 2018 | Hung et al. [60] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 1759 |
| 2018 | Kadri et al. 3 [80] | General orthopedics | Cross-sectional study | 841 |
| 2018 | Kagan et al. [79] | Lower extremity patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 91 |
| 2018 | Karns et al. [78] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 434 |
| 2018 | Khechen et al. [77] | Spine patients | Retrospective cohort | 41 |
| 2018 | Kleimeyer et al. [76] | Spine patients | Retrospective cohort | 75 |
| 2018 | Kohring et al. [75] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 271 |
| 2018 | Kohring et al. [74] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 540 |
| 2018 | Kootstra et al. [73] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 126 |
| 2018 | Medina et al. [72] | General orthopedics | Cross-sectional study | 937 |
| 2018 | Meredith et al. [71] | Lower extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 383 |
| 2018 | Merrill et al. [51] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 111 |
| 2018 | Nixon et al. [70] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 159 |
| 2018 | Owen et al. [48] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 60 |
| 2018 | Patel et al. [69] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 98 |
| 2018 | Patterson et al. [68] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 164 |
| 2018 | Patton et al. [67] | Lower extremity patients | Retrospective cohort | 680 |
| 2018 | Purvis et al. [66] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 231 |
| 2018 | Raad et al. [65] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 76 |
| 2018 | Rubery et al. [64] | Spine patients | Retrospective cohort | 78 |
| 2018 | Schwartz et al. [63] | Spine patients | Cohort study (prospective observational study) | 167 |
| 2018 | Stoop et al. [57] | Upper extremity patients | Cross-sectional study | 122 |
| 2018 | Vincent et al. [62] | Trauma patients | Cohort study (prospective Observational study) | 101 |