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. 2020 Nov 10;12:556008. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.556008

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Copyright © 2020 Lin, Li, Cheng, Zhao and Zheng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mn treatment increased microglia inflammatory reaction in 3×Tg-AD mouse brains. (A) Qualitative exemplary confocal microscopic images showing that Aβ (green) was clearly increased, Iba1 signal (red, a marker for microglia) was stronger, and Ibal-labeled microglia were more numerous and in clusters, indicating microglial activation in the hippocampal CA3 area in chronic Mn-treated 3×Tg-AD mice. Scale bar = 40 μm. (B: B1–B3) Western blot quantitative analyses showing the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the cortex and hippocampus of the 3×Tg-AD mice following chronic Mn treatment. β-actin served as internal control. *p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA, n = 5 for each group.