Table 1.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) symptom profiles, and corresponding items in the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ)
| Symptom profiles |
||
|---|---|---|
| ICD-11 PTSD | ICD-11 CPTSD | Items in the ITQ |
| PTSD symptoms | PTSD symptoms | |
| Re-experiencing | Re-experiencing | |
| Dreams | Dreams | Having upsetting dreams that replay part of the experience or are clearly related to the experience |
| Flashbacks | Flashbacks | Having powerful images or memories that sometimes come into your mind in which you feel the experience is happening again in the here and now |
| Avoidance | Avoidance | |
| Thoughts | Thoughts | Avoiding internal reminders of the experience (for example, thoughts, feelings, or physical sensations) |
| Behaviour | Behaviour | Avoiding external reminders of the experience (for example, people, places, conversations, objects, activities, or situations) |
| Sense of threat | Sense of threat | |
| Hypervigilance | Hypervigilance | Being ‘super-alert’, watchful, or on guard |
| Startle | Startle | Feeling jumpy or easily startled |
| DSO symptoms | ||
| Affective dysregulation | ||
| Hyperactivation | When I am upset, it takes me a long time to calm down | |
| Hypoactivation | I feel numb or emotionally shut down. | |
| Negative self-concept | ||
| Guilty | I feel like a failure | |
| Worthless | I feel worthless | |
| Disturbances in relationships | ||
| Distant | I feel distant or cut off from people | |
| Detached | I find it hard to stay emotionally close to people | |
ICD-11, 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases.