Table 4.
Between-class differences in diagnostic and symptom variables (N = 576)
| Class 1 PTSD |
Class 2 CPTSD |
Class 3 DSO |
Class 4 Low |
||||
| Variable |
(n = 189) |
(n = 138) |
(n = 95) |
(n = 154) |
χ2 |
ESE |
Significant post-hoc comparisons |
| ICD-11 PTSD | 67 (0.35) | 18 (0.13) | 0 (0) | 1 (< 0.01) | 104.44 | .426 | 1 > 2, 3, 4 2 > 3, 4 |
| ICD-11 CPTSD | 0 (0) | 66 (0.48) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 236.59 | .641 | 2 > 1, 3, 4 |
| PTSD symptoms | |||||||
| Dreams | 70 (0.37) | 85 (0.62) | 3 (0.03) | 12 (0.08) | 140.06 | .493 | 1 > 3, 4 2 > 1, 3, 4 |
| Flashbacks | 126 (0.67) | 93 (0.67) | 16 (0.17) | 18 (0.12) | 163.81 | .533 | 1, 2 > 3, 4 |
| Av. Thoughts | 161 (0.85) | 124 (0.90) | 30 (0.32) | 50 (0.32) | 185.17 | .567 | 1, 2 > 3, 4 |
| Av. Behaviour | 156 (0.83) | 118 (0.86) | 26 (0.27) | 48 (0.31) | 173.48 | .549 | 1, 2 > 3, 4 |
| Hypervigilance | 168 (0.89) | 123 (0.89) | 30 (0.32) | 66 (0.43) | 166.51 | .538 | 1, 2 > 3, 4 |
| Startle | 119 (0.63) | 103 (0.75) | 10 (0.11) | 26 (0.17) | 168.56 | .541 | 1, 2 > 3, 4 |
| DSO symptoms | |||||||
| Aff. Hyper. | 105 (0.56) | 120 (0.87) | 58 (0.61) | 51 (0.33) | 87.46 | .390 | 1, 3 > 4 2 > 1, 3, 4 |
| Aff. Hypo. | 86 (0.46) | 100 (0.72) | 65 (0.68) | 5 (0.03) | 171.94 | .546 | 1 > 4 2, 3 > 1, 4 |
| Guilty | 4 (0.02) | 125 (0.91) | 47 (0.49) | 8 (0.05) | 359.71 | .790 | 2, 3 > 1 2 > 3, 4 3 > 4 |
| Worthless | 2 (0.01) | 109 (0.79) | 34 (0.36) | 1 (0.01) | 323.87 | .750 | 2, 3 > 1 2 > 3, 4 3 > 4 |
| Distant | 71 (0.38) | 122 (0.88) | 76 (0.80) | 0 (0) | 280.02 | .697 | 1, 2, 3 > 4 2, 3 > 1 |
| Detached | 95 (0.50) | 98 (0.71) | 53 (0.56) | 8 (0.05) | 143.29 | .499 | 1, 2, 3 > 4 2 > 1 |
Raw numbers are presented with column percentages in parentheses.
PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; CPTSD, complex post-traumatic stress disorder; DSO, disturbances in self-organization; ESE, effect size estimate; ICD-11, 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases; Av., avoidance; Aff., affective dysregulation; Hyper., hyperactivation; Hypo., hypoactivation.
ESE was calculated using Cramer’s V for chi-squared tests of independence. For all tests, df = 3 and p < .001. For Significant post-hoc comparisons, numbers represent class labels. Bonferroni correction was used for all comparisons.