Table 5.

Between-class differences in childhood trauma variables (N = 543)^a.

	Class 1 PTSD	Class 2 CPTSD	Class 3 DSO	Class 4 Low
Variable	(n = 181)	(n = 135)	(n = 93)	(n = 134)	H/χ2	df	p	ESE	Significant post-hoc comparisons
CTQ severity
Abuse	1.59 (0.57)	1.82 (0.69)	1.58 (0.53)	1.30 (0.29)	58.24	3	< .001***	.107	2 > 1 1, 2, 3 > 4
Neglect	1.70 (0.62)	1.91 (0.66)	1.85 (0.60)	1.48 (0.52)	46.28	3	< .001***	.085	2 > 1 1, 2, 3 > 4
CTQ subscale severity
Emotional abuse	1.94 (0.88)	2.30 (0.97)	2.01 (0.86)	1.51 (0.50)	57.38	3	< .001***	.106	2 > 1 1, 2, 3 > 4
Physical abuse	1.42 (0.61)	1.56 (0.78)	1.40 (0.51)	1.25 (0.32)	10.40	3	.015*	.019	2 > 4
Sexual abuse	1.40 (0.88)	1.61 (1.04)	1.29 (0.70)	1.13 (0.42)	26.67	3	< .001***	.049	2 > 3 1, 2 > 4
Emotional neglect	1.94 (0.80)	2.27 (0.84)	2.50 (0.87)	1.67 (0.72)	53.02	3	< .001***	.098	1, 2, 3 > 4 2, 3 > 1
Physical neglect	1.47 (0.56)	1.56 (0.63)	1.44 (0.48)	1.30 (0.42)	15.77	3	.001**	.029	1, 2 > 4
CTQ subscale endorsement					53.51	12	< .001***	.181
None	101 (0.56)	54 (0.40)	51 (0.55)	104 (0.78)					1 > 2 4 > 1, 2, 3
1	34 (0.19)	38 (0.28)	16 (0.17)	19 (0.14)					2 > 4
2	27 (0.15)	16 (0.12)	12 (0.13)	8 (0.06)
3	11 (0.06)	12 (0.09)	10 (0.11)	2 (0.02)					2, 3 > 4
≥ 4	8 (0.04)	15 (0.11)	4 (0.04)	1 (< 0.01)					2 > 4

For CTQ severity and CTQ subscale severity, means are presented with standard deviations in parentheses. For CTQ subscale endorsement, raw numbers are presented with column percentages in parentheses.

PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; CPTSD, complex post-traumatic stress disorder; DSO, disturbances in self-organization; ESE, effect size estimate; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.

ESE was calculated using epsilon squared (ε²) for Kruskal–Wallis H tests and Cramer’s V for chi-squared tests of independence. For Significant post-hoc comparisons, numbers represent class labels. Bonferroni correction was used for all comparisons.

^an = 33 participants were excluded for extreme minimization/denial.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.