Table 1:

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria
•	Patient meets accepted AHA/ACC/HRS guideline indications for catheter ablation of paroxysmal or persistent AF
•	First or subsequent AF ablation procedure
•	Aged 18–75 years
•	Patient has the capacity to provide informed consent
Exclusion Criteria
•	Unable to provide informed consent
•	History of mechanical mitral valve replacement (unable to rely on EAM only)
•	Documented left atrial thrombus
•	Prior ASD repair
•	Known venous malformations or implanted instrumentation (IVC filter)
•	Known PV stenosis
•	Pregnancy
•	NYHA functional class ≥ 3
•	CHF within 90 days, MI within the past 90 days, or coronary revascularization within 90 days
•	Patients who are undergoing cryoablation for AF or non–standard-of-care ablation (eg, FIRM ablation)

Note: History of implanted pacemaker or ICD with transvenous leads was not an exclusion criterion but we did track patients treated with preexisting transvenous leads with the hypothesis that, although fluoroscopy use will be higher in these patients than in those without leads, it will still be lower than in conventionally treated patients.

AHA/ACC/HRS: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Rhythm Society; AF: atrial fibrillation; ASD: atrial septal defect; CHF: congestive heart failure; EAM: electroanatomic mapping; FIRM: focal impulse and rotor modulation; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IVC: inferior vena cava; MI: myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PV: pulmonary vein.