Table 1.
Selected Features of Studies Analyzed
| Study | N | Site | Duration | Intervention | Instrument | Change in Empathy | Outcome |
| Kataoka 201965 | 69 | Single center Japan | 6 years | Standard curriculum | JSE | -0.4 | No change |
| Lim 201360 | 72 | Single center New Zealand | 1 year | Standard curriculum | JSE | -0.36 | Decline |
| Quince 201162 | Single center UK | 4 year | Standard curriculum | Interpersonal Reactivity Index | No clinically significant change | ||
| Hojat 200926 | 456 | Single center US | 4 year | Standard curriculum | JSE | -6.0 | Decline |
| Papageorgiu 201959 | 66 | Single center | 5 year | Standard curriculum/Annual communications skill session | JSE | -1.9 | Decline |
| Smith 201751 | 129 | Multi-center Chicago IL | 3 year | Standard curriculum | JSE-Student version + QCAE | -0.09/(mo?) (JSPE) / |
Decline |
| Wellbery 201964 | 76 | Single center US | 3 year | Standard curriculum | Social Empathy Index | +0.19 | Improve |
| Mahoney 201663 | 281 | Single Center Australia | 1 year | Standard curriculum | JSE | -9.5 | Decline |
| Poole 198029 | 45 | Single Center Australia | 3 year | Tune-In Empathy Training Workshop | Accurate Empathy Scale | +0.91 in experimental group | Improve |
| Hong 201261 | 233 | Single Center Korea | 1 year | Standard curriculum, MC vs MS system | JSE | +1.95 | Improve |
| Chen 201216 | 1162 | Multi-center US | 4 year | Standard curriculum | JSE | -0.76 | Decline |
| Hojat 200566 | JSE | This doesn’t seem to measure change in empathy over time |
Notes: aJefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. bBehavior Change Counseling Index. cInterpersonal Reactivity Index – Affective Empathy. dInterpersonal Reactivity Index – Perspective Taking. eQuestionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy. fReading the Mind in the Eyes Test. gSocial Empathy Index. hAccurate Empathy Scale.