T6SS activity decreases motility in the presence of mucin. (A) Motility of wild-type (WT), ΔMC, and complemented (ΔMC-c) strains in M9 motility medium without (top) and with (bottom) 2% mucin. The images were compiled from two identical plates (white line separator). (B) Quantitation of motility of the strains in panel A. (C) PvipA expression in wild-type cells in M9 minimal medium alone or with 2% gelatin (gel) or 2% mucin (muc). (D) Survival of prey E. coli bacteria following incubation with the indicated predator V. cholerae strain in M9 medium alone or with 2% mucin. Plots show the means, and error bars represent the standard deviations. Statistically significant differences between samples (P < 0.001 as determined by the Student t test [unpaired, two-tailed distribution with two-sample, equal variance]) are indicated with an asterisk.