Table 2.
Characteristics of the publications included in the meta-analysis of biomarkers in pre-diabetes
| Author-year-Journal | Study design | Population | Cases N | Control N | Biological sample | Detection method | Analytical method | Covariates | Metabolites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang-sattler et al., 2017, Mol Syst Biol [22] | Cross-sectional study | Augsburg and the surrounding towns and villages | 340 | 866 | serum | LC-FIA-MS | Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression | Age, sex, BMI, PA, alcohol intake, smoking, SBP and HDL | (↓) Glycine |
| Menni et al., 2013, Diabetes [24] | Case-control study | British | 192 | 1897 | plasma | NA | Random intercept logistic regressions analysis | Age, BMI, batch effect and family relatedness |
(↑) Valine, leucine, isoleucine (↓) Citrulline (−) proline, myristate (14:0) |
| Kujala et al., 2016, Front Med [25] | Case-control study | Older Finnish men | 252 | 214 | serum | NMR platform | Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test | Age |
(↑) Valine (−) Leucine, isoleucine |
| Andersson-Hall et al., 2018, J Diabetes Res [29] | 6-years follow-up study | Women in Gothenburg | 46 | 139 | serum | NMR Spectroscopy | ANOVA and ANCOVA | BMI and age |
(↑) Valine, leucine, phenylalanine (↓) Glycine (−) Isoleucine, tyrosine |
| Cobb et al., 2016, Diabetes Care [44] | 3-year follow-up study | RISC: 19 centers in 13 countries in Europe; DMVhi: Irish | RISC: 332; DMVhi: 183 | RISC: 623; DMVhi; 485 | plasma | LC-MS/MS | ROC and multiple logistic regression analyses | Age, sex, and BMI |
(↑) Isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, 2-aminoadipic acid (↓) Glycine (−) Serine |
| Tulipani et al., 2016, Clin Chim Acta [45] | Case-control study | Spanish (Málaga) | 12 | 19 | serum | LC-MS/MS, FIA-ESI-MS/MS | the R environment, Cytoscape | Age, sex, and BMI |
(↑) Glutamate (↓) Glycine |
| Zeng et al., 2010, Metabolomics [46] | Case-control study | Chinese (Changsha) | 34 | 24 | plasma | GC/MS | PCA and PLS-DA | Age |
(↑) Alanine (−) Leucine, proline, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, serine |
| Butte et al., 2015, Am J Clin Nutr [47] | Case-control study | Hispanic America children | 450 | 353 | plasma | UPLC-MS and GC-MS | PCA and mixed-effects linear regression | Sex, age and Tanner stage |
(↑) Alanine, glutamate, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, ornithine, carnitine (C0), propionylcarnitine (C3) (↓) Asparagine, glycine, serine, citrulline |
| Gao et al., 2016, Nutr Metab [48] | Case-control study | Canadian | 30 | 20 | serum | XEVO TQ MS system coupled with the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit | PLS-DA and ANOVA | BMI, age, total dietary calorie intake, and physical activity level | (↑) Leucine, isoleucine, valine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, propionylcarnitine (C3) |
| Kim et al., 2010, J Proteome Res [49] | Case-control study | South Korean | 30 | 30 | serum | UPLC-QTOF-MS | PCA and PLS-DA | Age |
(↑) L-Valine, L-tyrosine, L-leucine, L-tryptophan, propionylcarnitine (C3), hexanoyl carnitine (C6) (↓) L-Carnitine (−) Myristate (14:0), palmitic (C16:0) |
| Lee et al., 2015, Obes Res Clin Pract [50] | Cohort study | South Korean | 64 | 45 | plasma | LC-MS/MS and FIA-MS/MS | ANOVA, logistic regression and ROC curve analyses | Age, BMI and waist circumference |
(↑) Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate, proline, 2-amino adipic acid, carnitine (C0), propionylcarnitine (C3) (↓) Glycine, serine, asparagine, citrulline |
| Mastrangelo et al., 2016, Int J Obes [51] | Case-control study | Spanish | 50 | 50 | serum | LC-MS, GC-MS and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry | OPLS-DA, PCA, univariate and multivariate analyses | BMI, age, fasting glucose and multiple testing | (↑) Valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, alanine, proline, C03-carnitine |
| Newgard et al., 2009, Cell Metab [52] | Case-control study | African Americans | 74 | 67 | serum | MS and MS/MS | PCA | Age, race and sex |
(↑) Valine, Aspartate/Asparagine, leucine/isoleucine, alanine, glutamate/glutamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, palmitic (C16:0), propionylcarnitine (C3), myristate (14:0) (↓) Glycine, citrulline (−) Serine |
| Ni et al., 2015, EBioMedicine [53] | Longitudinal study | Chinese (Shanghai) | 50 | 12 | serum | UPLC-QTOF-MS | OPLS-DA, ROC and logistic regression analysis, hierarchical clustering | Age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose | (−) Myristate (14:0), palmitic C16:0 |
(↑), positive association; (↓), negative association; (−), no significant changes
Abbreviations: RISC Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease, DMVhi Diabetes Mellitus and Vascular Health Initiative, LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, FIA-ESI-MS/MS flow injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, LC-FIA-MS liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry, UPLC-QTOF-MS ultra-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry, ROC receiver operating characteristic, ANOVA analysis of variance, ANCOVA analysis of covariance, PCA principal component analysis, PLS-DA partial least squares-discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, BMI body mass index, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, a acyl