Study participants were admitted to the Clinical Research Facility at 8 am on the morning of each study visit. An i.v. cannula was inserted into one antecubital fossa, and blood was sampled at T –30 minutes, T –15 minutes, and T = 0 hours before administration of each intervention to determine the basal hormonal values. An s.c. bolus of kisspeptin-54 (KP54) or 0.9% saline (A), or of MVT-602 (B), was administered at T = 0 hours. (A) Study protocol diagram for the KP54 and 0.9% saline visits. After an s.c. bolus of KP54 (9.6 nmol/kg) or 0.9% saline at T = 0 hours, serum hormone levels (LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone) were measured every 5–15 minutes for the first 30 minutes, and then every 30 minutes until 10 hours, and additionally at 24 hours. (B) Study protocol diagram for MVT-602 visits. After an s.c. bolus of MVT-602 (0.03 nmol/kg) was administered at T = 0 hours, serum hormone levels (LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone) were measured every 5–15 minutes for the first 30 minutes, then every 30 minutes until 14 hours, and then every 60 minutes until 24 hours and additionally at 28, 32, and 48 hours. A further blood test at 72 hours was carried out in studies using estradiol pretreatment.