Table 2.
Baseline characteristics by hepatocellular carcinoma status, The Singapore Chinese Healthy Study, 1993 – 2015
| Characteristics | HCC Cases (n=561) | Non-cases (n=60,760) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (25th, 75th percentiles)* | 60 (53, 65) | 55 (49, 62) |
| Female sex, n (%)* | 156 (27.8%) | 33,872 (55.8%) |
| Cantonese dialect, n (%)* | 213 (38.0%) | 28,112 (46.3%) |
| Education, secondary school or higher, n (%) | 144 (25.7%) | 17,292 (28.5%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, median (25th, 75th percentiles)* | 23.4 (22.0, 26.0) | 23.1 (21.1–24.7) |
| Smoking statusa (%)* | ||
| Never smoker | 281 (50.1%) | 42,302 (69.6%) |
| Light smoker | 232 (41.4%) | 16,202 (26.7%) |
| Heavy smoker | 48 (8.6%) | 2,256 (3.7%) |
| One or more alcoholic drinks per day, n (%)* | 53 (9.5%) | 2,846 (4.7%) |
| Diabetes, n (%)* | 85 (15.2%) | 5,384 (8.9%) |
| Any weekly physical activityb, n (%) | 204 (36.4%) | 20,034 (33.0%) |
| Tomato intake, grams/day, median (25th, 75th percentiles)* | 3.85 (1.33, 7.76) | 4.82 (1.98, 8.84) |
| Total energy intake, kCal/day, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 1,475 (1,172, 1,942) | 1,460 (1,162, 1,853) |
| Lycopene intake, mcg/day, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 654 (237, 1313) | 694 (265, 1365) |
a
Cigarette smoking: The “heavy” smokers were those who started to smoke before 15 years of age and smoked 13 or more cigarettes, all remaining ever smokers were defined as light smokers.
b
Physical activity represents amount of strenuous physical activity and/or vigorous work.
Chi-square test was used for categorical variables; Wilcoxon two-sample test was used for continuous variables.
*
P-values <.0001