Table 4.
Antioxidant defense and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver homogenate.
| CG | VG | QG | CSG | QCSG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOD (U/mg protein) | 90.74 ± 4.72 | 88.01 ± 5.0 | 93.26 ± 5.42 | 115.4 ± 5.85a,b,c | 81.42 ± 5.36d |
| CAT (U/mg protein) | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.03a | 0.14 ± 0.02a |
| GSH/GSSG ratio | 7.21 (2.59; 13.30) | 5.84 (4.11; 6.85) | 6.05 (5.24; 9.04) | 0.41 (0.34; 1.40)c | 6.61 (3.19; 10.64)d |
| TBARS (nmol/mg protein) | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 2.07 ± 0.50a,b,c | 0.27 ± 0.04d |
| Protein carbonyl (nmol/ng protein) | 12.73 ± 1.28 | 13.13 ± 1.90 | 16.07 ± 2.05 | 16.18 ± 0.93 | 14.12 ± 1.58 |
CG: control group; VG: vehicle group; QG: quercetin group; CSG: cigarette smoke group; QCSG: quercetin and cigarette smoke group, SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH: glutathione sulfide; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. a represents a significant difference between groups when compared to CG; b represents a significant difference between groups when compared to VG; c represents a significant difference between groups when compared to QG; d represents a significant difference between groups when compared to CSG. SOD, CAT, TBARS, and protein carbonyl were expressed as mean ± standarderrorofthemean and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's posttest, n = 5 − 8 animals per group (p < 0.05). The GSH/GSSG ratio data were expressed in median, minimum, and maximum value and were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's posttest that was used, n = 5 − 8 animals per group (p < 0.05).