Table 2.
Cytotoxic activity (IC50; μg/ml) of plant extracts against breast cancer (MCF-7), ovarian cancer (SKOV3), cervical cancer (HeLa), and human keratinocyte (HaCat) cell lines (mean ± SEM; n = 3).
| Plant | Cytotoxicity (IC50 (μg/ml) ± SEM) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCF -7 | SKOV3 | Hela | HaCat | |
| A. ebracteatus | >100 | 21.52 ± 1.28 | 25.31 ± 2.25 | 80.95 ± 0.94 |
| A. galanga | 34.79 ± 4.24 | 33.75 ± 1.21 | 34.88 ± 1.13 | 93.18 ± 2.20 |
| A. villosum | 30.66 ± 1.29 | 80.79 ± 3.82 | 59.42 ± 2.02 | 52.25 ± 0.58 |
| A. comosus | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| A. paniculata | 87.02 ± 3.21 | >100 | >100 | 38.29 ± 3.20 |
| A. sinensis | 34.15 ± 1.33 | 89.78 ± 1.25 | 72.25 ± 2.05 | 71.47 ± 2.55 |
| A. dahurica | 9.87 ± 2.13 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| A. valgaris | 49.16 ± 3.65 | 35.44 ± 1.07 | 46.54 ± 2.92 | 27.30 ± 3.71 |
| A. membranaceus | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| B. rotunda | 29.96 ± 1.09 | 35.05 ± 0.75 | 60.22 ± 2.15 | 34.25 ± 0.62 |
| C. halicacalum | 45.65 ± 2.32 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| C. papaya | 42.2 ± 2.11 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| C. verum | 20.88 ± 1.82 | 46.25 ± 1.25 | 24.12 ± 0.88 | 46.16 ± 1.43 |
| C. myrrha | >100 | >100 | 68.77 ± 4.10 | >100 |
| C. sativus | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| C. stellatopilosus | 87.65 ± 3.21 | >100 | >100 | 34.21 ± 0.10 |
| C. aromatica | 90.43 ± 3.12 | >100 | >100 | 8.78 ± 0.21 |
| C. comosa | 68.56 ± 2.32 | 61.21 ± 1.26 | 73.21 ± 2.01 | 39.34 ± 0.96 |
| D. opposite | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| E. acoroides | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| F. albopurpurea | 14.63 ± 4.54 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| F. vulgare | 20.34 ± 2.64 | 45.27 ± 2.12 | 68.25 ± 1.85 | >100 |
| H. indicum | 29.55 ± 3.21 | 35.13 ± 3.01 | 47.85 ± 2.02 | >100 |
| E. arvense | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| J. sambac | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| K. galanga | 49.33 ± 1.45 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| L. triadra | >100 | 46.25 ± 3.01 | >100 | 81.53 ± 4.17 |
| L. striatum | 30.22 ± 2.32 | 28.32 ± 1.52 | 36.24 ± 2.20 | >100 |
| L. barbarum | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| M. cochinchinensis | 53.47 ± 1.07 | >100 | >100 | 37.68 ± 0.85 |
| M. siamensis | 11.23 ± 2.82 | >100 | >100 | 33.39 ± 0.40 |
| M. ferrea | 86.42 ± 3.21 | >100 | >100 | 6.84 ± 0.39 |
| M. elengi | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| M. fragrans | 64.57 ± 2.22 | >100 | >100 | 32.58 ± 0.61 |
| N. nucifera | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| O. tenuiflorum | 50.56 ± 1.97 | >100 | >100 | 95.08 ± 0.59 |
| P. amarus | 23.23 ± 1.13 | 28.84 ± 2.15 | 35.21 ± 1.08 | 75.28 ± 1.40 |
| P. cablin | 24.65 ± 2.13 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| R. glutinosa | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| R. nasutus | 65.81 ± 3.28 | 48.28 ± 3.13 | >100 | >100 |
| S. chinensis. | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| S. indicum | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| T. indica | 14.76 ± 2.73 | >100 | >100 | 92.57 ± 0.94 |
| V. vinifera | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
| TTW | >100 | >100 | >100 | 47.12 ± 3.14 |
| TTE | 52.33 ± 2.05 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
TTE = ethanolic extract of the Thai traditional cancer remedy; TTW = aqueous extract of the Thai traditional cancer remedy.