Table 3.

Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaf and antibiotics against the test pathogens (mean ± SD, n = 3).

Tested pathogens	Zone of inhibition
	Crude extract solvents from the leaf			Antibiotics
	Conc. Ml (mg)	Water (mean ± SD) (mm)	Ethanol (mean ± SD) (mm)	Conc. Ml/Mg	Ciprofloxacin (mean ± SD) (mm)	Amoxicillin (mean ± SD) (mm)	Penicillin (mean ± SD) (mm)	Tetracycline (mean ± SD) (mm)
S. aureus	25	3.57 ± 0.89Aa	11.2 ± 1.08Ab	0.1	11.83 ± 0.40Cc	13.37 ± 0.31Ad	—	21.13 ± 1.07Bf
	50	6.4 ± 1.74Ba	15.17 ± 1.73Eb	0.2	11.93 ± 1.03Cc	20.1 ± 1.59Cd	—	28.63 ± 3.06Df
S. pyogenes	25	5.5 ± 0.47Da	17.83 ± 1.29Fb	0.1	29.13 ± 1.97Fc	15.7 ± 0.76Bd	12.6 ± 0.58Ae	11.47 ± 0.66Aa
	50	6.53 ± 0.97Ca	13.3 ± 1.30Ab	0.2	30.47 ± 0.88Fc	29.97 ± 1.71Fc	30.13 ± 0.83Fe	25.47 ± 4.35Cf
L. monocytogenes	25	3.07 ± 1.34Aa	19.67 ± 0.59Fb	0.1	19.6 ± 0.56Ac	17.83 ± 0.87 Bd	16.7 ± 0.80Be	31.33 ± 1.61Ff
	50	5.6 ± 1.81Da	9.63 ± 0.74Cb	0.2	25.8 ± 1.44Bc	23.23 ± 4.33 Cd	28.2 ± 2.08Ee	31.63 ± 0.66Ff
E. coli O157 H:7	25	4.07 ± 0.52Aa	11.47 ± 0.66Bb	0.1	17.3 ± 3.62Ac	13.03 ± 2.61Ad	—	25.53 ± 3.16Cf
	50	6.9 ± 1.68Ca	15.67 ± 0.74Eb	0.2	19.73 ± 0.94Ac	16.8 ± 0.78 Bd	—	27.87 ± 0.53Ef
S. typhi	25	2.67 ± 0.96Fa	11.5 ± 1.96Bb	0.1	16.27 ± 1.19Dc	26.57 ± 2.36 Ec	15.2 ± 0.70Be	23.77 ± 1.35Cf
	50	1.7 ± 0.89Ea	13.23 ± 0.96Ab	0.2	22.27 ± 1.14Ec	26.87 ± 1.62 Ec	23.87 ± 3.72Ce	28.13 ± 3.62Ef
C. jejuni	25	3.1 ± 0.82Aa	10.1 ± 0.32Cb	0.1	29.03 ± 1.26Fc	19.97 ± 0.77Cd	23.1 ± 2.0Ce	15.67 ± 0.90Af
	50	4.1 ± 0.87 Ba	12.23 ± 1.04Bb	0.2	31.37 ± 0.86Fc	23.6 ± 3.49 Cd	25.6 ± 2.25De	18.2 ± 1.49Bf

n = number of experimental replicates; SD = standard deviation; means with the same letter (lower case) in the same row are not significantly different; means with the same letter (upper case) in the same column are not significantly different.