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ROS generation and clearance. I. ROS generation: (a) superoxide formation; (b) reactive nitrogen species (RNS) formation; (c) hydrogen peroxide formation; (d) hydroxyl radical formation; (e) lipid radical formation. II. ROS clearance: (A) superoxide dismutation; (B) hydrogen peroxide decomposition; (C) glutathione redox cycle; (D) thioredoxin redox cycle; (E) glutathione-S-transferase detoxification.
