Table 2.
Original research publications with quantitative outcomes: randomized controlled trials only.
| Intervention name | Type of study | Control group | Sample size | Powered for analyses? |
Posttreatment outcomesa.b | Longitudinal outcomesa.b | ||||||
| Breathe Easier Online [44] | Pilot RCTc | Wait-list control | 42 |
|
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for depression or social problem solving | N/Ad | ||||||
| Fatigue in Teenagers on the InterNET [45] | RCT | Usual care | 135 | x | Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved school attendance (P≤.01, 95% CI 2.7 to 8.9) Physical health outcomes: intervention improved fatigue (P≤.01, 95% CI 2.1 to 4.9) and physical functioning (P≤.01, 95% CI 2.3 to 6.3) |
Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved school attendance at 12 months Physical health outcomes: intervention improved fatigue and physical functioning at 12 months |
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| iCanCope [60] | Pilot multisite RCT | iCanCope version A (symptom tracking only) | 59 |
|
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for mood Physical health outcomes: no significant results for pain intensity and interference, physical activity, sleep quality, or energy |
N/A | ||||||
| ICBTe for adolescents with FGIDf [61] | RCT | Wait-list control | 101 | x | Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved fear and worry about symptoms (95% CI 0.39 to 1.09, dg=0.74), and anxiety sensitivity (95% CI –0.07 to 0.47, d=0.20) No significant results for perceived stress or depressive symptoms Physical health outcomes: intervention improved gastrointestinal symptoms (95% CI 0.16 to 0.84, d=0.50) and pain intensity and frequency (95% CI 0.11 to 0.61, d=0.36) |
Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved fear and worry about symptoms (95% CI 0.59 to 1.59, d=1.05) and anxiety sensitivity (95% CI 0.10 to 1.04, d=0.57) at 6 months No significant results for perceived stress (95% CI –0.10 to 0.73, d=0.31) or depressive symptoms (95% CI –0.14 to 0.46, d=0.16) at 6 months Physical health outcomes: intervention improved gastrointestinal symptoms (95% CI 0.24 to 1.02, d=0.63) and pain intensity and frequency (95% CI 0.41 to 1.12, d=0.76) at 6 months |
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| Move It Now [47] | Multisite RCT | Wait-list control | 69 |
|
Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved rewarding pain behavior by parents (P≤.01) and quality of life (P≤.01 to .04, d=–0.87 to 0.34) Physical health outcomes: intervention improved pain intensity (P=.03, d=–0.42), pain interference (P=.03, d=–0.46) and sleep problems (P≤.01, d=–0.60) |
Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved quality of life (besides mental health subdomain) at 3 months No significant results for rewarding pain behavior by parents at 3 months Physical health outcomes: no significant results for pain intensity, pain interference, or sleep problems at 3 months |
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| TeenCope [59] | Multisite RCT | eHealth managing diabetes psychoeducation for self-management | 320 | x | Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for quality of life, social acceptance, self-efficacy, perceived stress, or diabetes family conflict Physical health outcomes: no significant results for HbA1ch |
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for quality of life, social acceptance, self-efficacy, perceived stress, or diabetes family conflict at 18 months Physical health outcomes: no significant results for HbA1c at 18 months |
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| Teens Taking Charge: Managing Arthritis Online [52] | Pilot multisite RCT | Attentional control | 46 |
|
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for quality of life, self-efficacy, or stress Physical health outcomes: intervention improved disease knowledge (P≤.01, d=1.32) and pain intensity (P=.03, d=0.78) |
N/A | ||||||
| Trautmann self-help programs: internet-based CBT, internet-based applied relaxation [54] | 3-arm RCT | Internet psychoeducation intervention | 65 |
|
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for pain catastrophizing or psychological well-being Physical health outcomes: no significant results for headache frequency and duration |
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for pain catastrophizing or psychological well-being at 6 months Physical health outcomes: no significant results for headache frequency and duration at 6 months |
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| Trautmann’s internet-based CBT [53] | Pilot RCT | Internet psychoeducation intervention | 18 |
|
Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved pain catastrophizing (P≤.05) Physical health outcomes: intervention improved headache frequency (P≤.05) No significant results for headache intensity or headache duration |
Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved pain catastrophizing (P≤.05) at 6 months Physical health outcomes: intervention improved headache frequency (P≤.05) at 6 months No significant results for headache intensity or headache duration at 6 months |
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| Web-based management of adolescent pain | ||||||||||||
|
|
Multisite RCT [55] | Internet education control | 273 | x | Psychosocial outcomes: intervention improved emotional functioning (P=.04, d=–0.09) Physical health outcomes: no significant results for activity limitations, pain intensity, or sleep quality |
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for emotional functioning at 6 months Physical health outcomes: intervention improved activity limitations (P=.03; d=–0.25) and sleep quality (P=.04, d=0.16) at 6 months No significant results for pain intensity at 6 months |
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|
|
RCT [56] | Wait-list control | 48 | x | Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for depression or parental protectiveness Physical health outcomes: intervention improved activity limitations (P≤.01, η2i=.17) and pain intensity (P=.03, η2=.11) |
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for depression and parental protectiveness at 3 months Physical health outcomes: intervention improved activity limitations and pain intensity at 3 months |
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|
|
Pilot RCT [57] | Specialized headache treatment | 83 | x | Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for anxiety or depression Physical health outcomes: no significant results for headache frequency, pain intensity, activity limitations, sleep duration, or sleep efficiency |
Psychosocial outcomes: no significant results for anxiety or depression at 3 months Physical health outcomes: no significant results for headache frequency, pain intensity, activity limitations, sleep duration, or sleep efficiency at 3 months |
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aOnly analyses of between-group differences comparing the intervention and control arms are reported.
bInformation regarding confidence intervals, effect size, and P values is included when reported in the original research publication.
cRCT: randomized controlled trial.
dN/A: not applicable.
eiCBT: internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
fFGID: functional gastrointestinal disorder.
gd: Cohen d.
hHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
iη2: eta squared.