Table 3.

Symptoms and Clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 induced immunopathology in humans.

Organ System	Clinical Outcomes	Clinical Manifestations	References
Vascular System	Cytokine storm	Elevated IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β	(Huang et al., 2020; Rodrigues et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020a, Zhou et al., 2020b, Zhou et al., 2020c)
	Lymophocyte count	Elevated T helper 17 cells (TH17), plasma cells, CD8+ T cell activity, and decreased regulatory T cells	(Huang et al., 2020; Qin et al., 2020)
	Thrombocytopenia associated mortality	Reduced platelet to lymphocyte ratio	Lippi et al. (2020)
	ARDS	Elevated levels of ferritin	(Wu et al., 2020a, Wu et al., 2020b, Wu et al., 2020c; Zhou et al., 2020a, Zhou et al., 2020b, Zhou et al., 2020c)
	Vasculitis and Vascular Dysfunction	Elevated VEGF, IL-10, IL-8	(Becker, 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020a, Zhou et al., 2020b, Zhou et al., 2020c)
Lungs	Pneumonia with ARDS and dyspnea	Elevated IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8	(Huang et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020)
Kidneys	Proteinuria and hematuria	Elevated urea and creatine levels	(Cheng et al., 2020; Su et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020a, Yang et al., 2020b)
Liver	Steatosis and abnormal Liver function	Elevated AST, ALT, CRP, albumin levels	(Ling, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020a, Zhou et al., 2020b, Zhou et al., 2020c)
Heart	Acute myocardial injury and chronic CVS damage	Elevated CK and LDH levels	(Huang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020a, Yang et al., 2020b)
Intestine	Microbial infection, diarrhea, severe acute ulcerative colitis	Reduced T cell and NK cell count (Lymphopenia)	(Carvalho et al., 2020; D'Amico et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020a, Yang et al., 2020b)
Brain	Encephalopathy, headache, ischemic stroke	Elevated CRP, D-dimer, ferritin levels	(Beyrouti et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020)