Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Location | Case | Age (years) | Male (%) | Study design | DM | Unadjusted effect estimate (95% CI) | Adjusted effect estimate (95% CI) | Confounding factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mo P PMID: 32173725 |
China | 155 | 54 (42–66) | 86 (55.5) | R | 15 (9.7) | NR |
OR 2.138 (0.483–9.471) |
Age, male, CVD, fever, shortness of breath, anorexia, blood test, chest CT or X-ray, treatment |
|
Hu L PMID: 32361738 |
China | 323 | 61 (23–91) | 166 (51.4) | R | 47 (14.6) | NR |
OR 3.109 (1.155–8.373) |
Age, smoking, hypnotics, diagnosis of critical status, hypersensitive troponin I, WBC, neutrophil count |
|
Huang R PMID: 32384078 |
China | 202 | 44.0 (33.0–54.0) | 116 (57.4) | R | 19 (9.4) |
OR 8.145 (2.842–23.342) |
OR 4.326 (1.059–17.668) |
Age, gender, BMI, HTN, smoking, WBC, neutrophils, lymphocyte, Hb, PLT, ALT, LDH, Tbil, ALB, CR, CRP, PT |
|
Shi S PMID: 32391877 |
China | 671 | 63 (50–72) | 322 (48.0) | R | 97 (14.5) | NR |
HR 1.16 (0.47–2.85) |
Age, gender, HTN, CHD, chronic renal disease, CHD, cerebrovascular diseases, PCT, cTnI, myoglobin; CRP; NT-proBNP; MYO, CK-MB |
|
Yu X PMID: 32351037 |
China | 333 | 50 (35–63) | 172 (51.7) | R | 28 (8.4) | NR |
OR 1.1 (0.3–3.6) |
Age, gender, heart disease, HTN, respiratory disease |
|
Cummings MJ PMID: 32442528 |
USA | 257 | 62 (51–72) | 171 (67) | P | 92 (36) |
HR 1.65 (1.11–2.44) |
HR 1.31 (0.81–2.10) |
Age, gender, symptom duration before hospital presentation, HTN, chronic cardiac disease, COPD or interstitial lung disease, CKD, BMI, interleukin-6, D-dimer |
|
Zhang Y PMID: 32446795 |
China | 258 | 64 (56–70) | 138 (53.5) | R | 63 (24.4) | NR |
HR 2.840 (1.01–8.01) |
Age, CVD, CKD |
|
Phipps MM PMID: 32473607 |
USA | 2273 | 65 (52–76) | 1297 (57) | R | 886 (39) |
OR 1.65 (1.34–2.02) |
OR 1.30 (1.02–1.68) |
Age, peak ALT, BMI, HTN, intubation, renal replacement therapy |
|
Galloway JB PMID: 32479771 |
UK | 1157 | 71 (57–82) | 666 (57.6) | R | 408 (35.3) | NR |
HR 1.20 (0.97–1.48) |
Age, gender |
|
Zhao M PMID: 32499448 |
China | 1000 | 61 (46–70) | 466 (46.6) | R | 118 (11.8) | NR |
HR 0.962 (0.576–1.608) |
Age |
|
Lim JH PMID: 32503180 |
Korea | 160 | NR | 86 (53.8) | R | 50 (31.3) |
HR 1.55 (0.85–2.83) |
HR 1.35 (0.72–2.56) |
Age, gender, HTN |
|
Lala A PMID: 32517963 |
USA | 2736 | 66.4 | 1630 (59.6) | R | 719 (26.3) | NR |
OR 1.01 (0.80–1.27) |
Age, gender, troponin strata, race, ethnicity, coronary artery disease, heart failure, HTN, atrial fibrillation, CKD, clinical variables |
|
Cen Y PMID: 32526275 |
China | 1007 | 61 (49–68) | 493 (49.0) | P | 119 (11.8) |
HR 2.920 (2.224–3.835) |
HR 1.816 (1.351–2.442) |
Age, gender, smoking history, HTN, chronic obstructive lung disease, coronary artery disease, duration of antiviral therapy |
|
Jang JG PMID: 32537954 |
Korea | 110 | 56.9 (± 17.0) | 48 (43.6) | R | 29 (26.4) |
OR 7.47 (2.73–20.04) |
OR 19.15 (1.90–193.42) |
Age, gender, HTN, body temperature, peripheral oxygen saturation, albumin, Tbil, CK-MB |
|
Rath D PMID: 32537662 |
Germany | 123 | 68 (±15) | 77 (62.6) | P | 30 (24.4) | NR |
HR 3.65 (1.06–12.63) |
Age, arterial HTN, LVEF, RV-function, tricuspid regurgitation > 1 |
|
Bertin D PMID:32564467 |
France | 56 | NR | 33 (58.9) | P | 10 (17.9) |
OR 0.33 (0.06–1.35) |
OR 0.21 (0.02–1.85) |
Gender, duration of symptoms, aCL IgG, CHD, HTN, chronic respiratory disease |
|
Yu C PMID: 32564974 |
China | 1464 | 64.0 (51.0–71.0) | 736 (50.3) | R | 211 (14.4) |
OR 3.77 (2.70–5.28) |
OR 2.34 (1.45–3.76) |
Age, gender, HTN, lymphopenia, ALT, LDH, D-dimer, PCT |
|
Bravi F PMID: 32579597 |
Italy | 1603 | 58.0 (20.9) | 758 (47.3) | R | 194 (12.1) | NR |
OR 1.52 (1.05–2.18) |
Age, gender, HTN, CVD, cancer, COPD, renal disease |
|
Booth CM PMID: 12734147 |
Canada | 144 | 45 (34–57) | 56 (39) | R | 16 (11) | NR |
HR 3.1 (1.4–7.2) |
Age, comorbidity |
|
Han J PMID: 32580792 |
China | 185 | 44 (±17.88) | 95 (51.4) | R | 28 (15.1) |
OR 5.792 (2.366–14.176) |
OR 3.311 (1.093–10.031) |
Age, time from symptoms onset to treatment, PaO2/FiO2 on admission, NLR, PLT |
|
Hashemi N PMID: 32585065 |
USA | 363 | 63.4 (± 16.5) | 201 (55.4) | R | 117 (32.2) | NR |
OR 1.22 (0.74–2.00) |
Age, gender, HTN, obesity, cardiac diseases, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary disorders |
|
Ji W PMID: 32597048 |
Korea | 7541 | 47.05 (± 19.0) | 2970 (40.5) | R | 1043 (14.2) |
OR 4.646 (3.984–5.418) |
OR 1.247 (1.009–1.543) |
Comorbidity |
|
Pettit NN PMID: 32589784 |
USA | 238 | 58.5 (±17) | 113 (47.5) | R | 68 (28.6) |
OR 0.8 (0.3–2.2) |
OR 0.5 (0.2–1.7) |
Age, gender, HTN, obesity, pulmonary disease, CVD, kidney disease, cancer, stroke, hyperlipidemia, VTE |
All values are n (%), mean (standard deviation, SD), or median (interquartile range, IQR). USA, United States of America; NR, not reported; DM, diabetes mellitus; P, prospective; R, retrospective; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PCT, procalcitonin; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CHD, coronary heart disease; WBC, white blood cell; PLT, platelet; Tbil, total bilirubin; ALB, albumin; CR, creatinine; PT, prothrombin time; Hb, hemoglobin; NT-proBNP, amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; cTnI, cardiac troponin I; CK-MB, creatinine kinase-myocardial band; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; aCL: anti-cardiolipin antibodies; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; VTE: venous thromboembolism