TABLE 2.

Materials, properties, and applications of covalent grafting method.

Materials	Property	Substrate example	References
PEG-based polymer	Antifouling, antibacterial, antibiofilm, reduce thrombosis	Silicone rubber	Chuan et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2017; Kabirian et al., 2019
Double bond- containing polymer	Antifouling, antimicrobial, anti-fogging	Contact lens	Zhao et al., 2016; Kurowska et al., 2017
Polymer brush	Antifouling, antimicrobial	Glass, quartz, Ti	Jie et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2017
Poly(NIPAAM)	Antifouling, bactericidal	Glass, PDMS, silicon	Wang et al., 2016
PDA	Antifouling, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antibiofilm	Glass, stainless steel, plastic, gauze, catheter	Liu and Huang, 2016; Su et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2017
Chitosan and derivatives	Antibacterial, antibiofilm	Ti, PU, PVF	Li et al., 2017; D’Almeida et al., 2018; Yang M. et al., 2018
PHMB	Broad-spectrum antimicrobial, bactericidal, antifouling, antibiofilm	Silicone resin	Su et al., 2017; Zhi et al., 2017
Responsive polymer brush	Antifouling, antimicrobial, antibacterial	Glass, Si, PU, MWCNTs, SiO2, Fe3O4	Chen et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2013; Qu et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2016; Yaghoubi and Parsa, 2019