TABLE 5.

New anti-Candida spp. biofilm compounds.

Compound	Action	References
Posaconazole plus caspofungin (in vitro and in animals) or Concomitant use of epigallocatechin gallate and miconazole, fluconazole, or amphotericin B	C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis Highly effective against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis in vitro and in animal experiments	Cui et al., 2015 Ning et al., 2015
1,3-thiazolidin-4-one nucleus and its N-benzylated derivatives at the C2 with a hydrazine bridge linked to (cyclo)aliphatic or hetero(aryl)	Strong activity against Candida spp. Lack of cytotoxic effects	Carradori et al., 2017
Mannich base-type eugenol derivatives: : 4-allyl-2-methoxy-6- (morpholin-4-ylmethyl) phenyl benzoate (7) and 4- {5-allyl-2 - [(4-chlorobenzoyl) oxy] -3-methoxybenzyl}. Morpholin-4-io (8) chloride was found	Highly effective against C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei	Abrão et al., 2015 Yano et al., 2012
1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-(1-biphenylol-2-hydroxypropyl)-piperazine	Acts primarily on C. albicans Low cytotoxic effects	Zhao et al., 2018
Glucosides with modified saccharides	Fungistatic activity against C. glabrata	de Souza et al., 2016
Amphiphilic, helical β-peptide structural mimetics of natural antimicrobial α-peptides	Specific planktonic antifungal and anti-biofilm activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis	Pankey et al., 2014 Raman et al., 2015
Aminoglocosides derived from tobramycin	The triazole is most effective against Candida spp.	Fosso et al., 2018
Cerium nitrate, a member of the lanthanide family	Active against planktonic and sessile Candida spp. cells It is able to prevent biofilm formation by C. albicans and C. parapsilosis both in vitro and in vivo Application in medical devices	Silva-Dias et al., 2015
Fluconazole analogs with alkyl-, aryl-, cycloalkyl-, and dialkyl-amino substituents	These compounds are active against some of the C. albicans and non-albicans Candida strains and are highly effective against clinical strains of C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis	Thamban Chandrika et al., 2018
Micafungin + ethanol Capsofungin/posaconazole, or amphotericin B, or anidulafungin, or Caspofungin/micafungin in combination with nikkomycin Z	Antifungal lock therapy is used to inhibit the formation of the biofilm	Walraven and Lee, 2013 Basas et al., 2019 Kovács et al., 2019
27 new FLC derivatives	Broad-spectrum antifungal activity. All compounds inhibit the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis	Shrestha et al., 2017
Fluoroquinolones and antifungal agents (from amphotericin B or caspofungin) or rifampicin Chloramphenicol	Very useful in immunosuppressed patients	Stergiopoulou et al., 2009 Vogel et al., 2008
	Not valid for use against C. albicans or C. glabrata Antifungal activity comparable to caspofungin and ketoconazole	Joseph et al., 2015
Tyrosol and farnesol	Strong biofilm inhibition Inhibit the formation of hyphae	Monteiro et al., 2017 Mehmood et al., 2019
Amphotericin B plus silver hybrid nanoparticles	Powerful antifungal activity although the toxicity of the nanoparticles depends on the size, concentration, and pH of the medium and the exposure time to pathogens	Leonhard et al., 2018
Amphotericin B plus acetylsalicylic/ibuprofen/ambroxol	They are inexpensive, but they increase the risk of bleeding and hyperkalaemia	Zhou et al., 2012 Sharma et al., 2015 Li et al., 2017
KSL-W and SM21 peptides	Inhibit biofilm formation by Candida spp.	Theberge et al., 2013 Cavalheiro and Teixeira, 2018