Table 1.
Characteristicsa of adults, adolescents, and children recruited in McDonald's and other chains in the period before and after implementation of calorie labeling in McDonald's
| Adults |
Adolescents |
Children |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McDonald's | Other chain | McDonald's | Other chain | McDonald's | Other chain | |||||||
| Pre (n=571) |
Post (n=338) |
Pre (n=1223) |
Post (n=751) |
Pre (n=537) |
Post (n=331) |
Pre (n=736) |
Post (n=527) |
Pre (n=125) |
Post (n=58) |
Pre (n=166) |
Post (n=84) |
|
| Age, years | 37.8 (16.6) |
38.3 (15.7) |
37.0 (15.8) |
38.0 (15.1) |
15.8 (2.9) |
15.7 (2.7) |
16.5 (2.7) |
16.7 (2.5) |
7.8 (3.0) |
8.5 (3.3) |
8.4 (3.3) |
8.2 (3.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 (6.1) |
27.7 (5.8) |
28.0 (6.3) |
28.1 (6.0) |
23.1 (4.6) |
23.5 (5.0) |
23.6 (4.8) |
24.2 (5.3) |
20.0 (6.0) |
22.5 (7.1) |
22.1 (6.9) |
22.3 (7.6) |
| BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.51 (0.92) |
0.54 (1.09) |
0.50 (1.03) |
0.59 (0.98) |
0.75 (1.92) |
1.20 (1.58) |
1.24 (1.54) |
1.27 (1.69) |
| Calories purchased | 721 (475) |
636 (423) |
880 (451) |
817 (468) |
754 (480) |
709 (408) |
751 (424) |
736 (459) |
718 (370) |
589 (288) |
777 (350) |
585 (345) |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||||||
| Male | 52 | 52 | 59 | 61 | 52 | 55 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 48 |
| Female | 48 | 48 | 41 | 39 | 48 | 45 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 52 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||||||||||
| White | 34 | 37 | 40 | 39 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 20 | 15 | 17 | 23 | 15 |
| Black | 33 | 37 | 29 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 35 | 38 | 38 | 36 | 29 | 33 |
| Hispanic | 20 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 30 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 29 | 33 | 35 |
| Asian | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Other | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 13 |
| City (%) | ||||||||||||
| Boston | 28 | 40 | 24 | 37 | 55 | 70 | 44 | 54 | 30 | 44 | 35 | 52 |
| Hartford | 28 | 21 | 33 | 24 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 14 | 32 | 19 | 36 | 21 |
| Providence | 30 | 28 | 23 | 27 | 18 | 7 | 24 | 20 | 23 | 19 | 16 | 15 |
| Springfield | 15 | 12 | 20 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 15 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 14 | 12 |
| Restaurant (%) | ||||||||||||
| McDonald's | 100 | 100 | -- | -- | 100 | 100 | -- | -- | 100 | 100 | -- | -- |
| Burger King | -- | -- | 43 | 48 | -- | -- | 35 | 29 | -- | -- | 52 | 67 |
| Kentucky Fried Chicken | -- | -- | 18 | 16 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 21 | 12 |
| Subway | -- | -- | 24 | 22 | -- | -- | 21 | 21 | -- | -- | 14 | 14 |
| Wendy's | -- | -- | 15 | 14 | -- | -- | 15 | 17 | -- | -- | 13 | 7 |
| Dunkin' Donuts | -- | -- | -- | -- | 29 | 33 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
a
Mean (standard deviation) or %