Table 1.
Clinical profile of cases and matched controls and odds ratios (ORs) for all, mild to moderate, and severe deformational plagiocephaly (DP) cases.
| Controls (n = 135) | Cases (n = 135) | Univariate analysisa | Mild to moderate DP (n = 87) | Univariate analysisb | Severe DP (n = 48) | Univariate analysisc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-values | OR (95% CI) | p-values | OR (95% CI) | p-values | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Male, n (%) | 81 (60.0) | 81 (60.0) | Matched | 52 (59.8) | 0.973 | 0.99 (0.57–1.72) | 29 (60.4) | 0.960 | 1.02 (0.52–2.00) | |
| Age at diagnosis, months, mean ± SD | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 1.8 | Matched | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 0.836 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 0.824 | |||
| Perinatal variables | ||||||||||
| Gestational age, weeks, mean ± SD | 38.5 ± 1.8 | 38.4 ± 1.6 | 0.560 | 38.4 ± 1.6 | 0.655 | 38.3 ± 1.7 | 0.625 | |||
| Prematurity, n (%) | 16 (11.9) | 23 (17.0) | 0.240 | 1.52 (0.76–3.02) | 16 (18.4) | 0.186 | 1.66 (0.78–3.53) | 7 (14.6) | 0.637 | 1.26 (0.48–3.28) |
| Singleton birth weight, g, mean ± SD | 3,149.1 ± 428.3 | 3,126.9 ± 443.3 | 0.697 | 3,042.5 ± 503.1 | 0.808 | 3,066.5 ± 434.2 | 0.929 | |||
| LGA, n (%) | 15 (11.1) | 11 (8.1) | 0.410 | 0.71 (0.31–1.61) | 7 (8.0) | 0.457 | 0.70 (0.27–1.79) | 4 (8.3) | 0.589 | 0.73 (0.23–2.31) |
| Maternal age, years, mean ± SD | 34.9 ± 3.5 | 34.5 ± 3.8 | 0.536 | 34.5 ± 3.4 | 0.552 | 34.6 ± 4.8 | 0.755 | |||
| Primiparity, n (%) | 122 (90.4) | 114 (84.4) | 0.146 | 0.58 (0.28–1.21) | 75 (86.2) | 0.340 | 0.67 (0.29–1.54) | 39 (81.3) | 0.101 | 0.46 (0.18–1.16) |
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 53 (39.3) | 63 (46.7) | 0.220 | 1.35 (0.84–2.20) | 40 (46.0) | 0.753 | 1.09 (0.63–1.89) | 23 (47.9) | 0.297 | 1.42 (0.73–2.76) |
| Multiple birth, n (%) | 18 (13.4) | 15 (11.1) | 0.560 | 0.81 (0.39–1.67) | 12 (13.8) | 0.939 | 1.03 (0.47–2.26) | 3 (6.3) | 0.192 | 0.43 (0.12–1.53) |
| Infant variables at diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Only bottle feeding, n (%) | 50 (37.0) | 97 (71.9) | <0.001 | 4.34 (2.60–7.25) | 63 (72.4) | <0.001 | 4.46 (2.48–8.02) | 34 (70.8) | <0.001 | 4.13 (2.02–8.43) |
| Little tummy timewhen awake, n (%) | 95 (70.4) | 121 (89.6) | <0.001 | 3.64 (1.87–7.08) | 77 (88.5) | 0.002 | 3.24 (1.52–6.90) | 44 (91.7) | 0.006 | 4.63 (1.56–13.75) |
| BMI (kg/m2) at diagnosis, mean ± SD | 17.8 ± 1.4 | 18.1 ± 1.8 | 0.157 | 18.1 ± 1.8 | 0.139 | 18.0 ± 1.8 | 0.392 | |||
| Underweight, n (%) | 4 (3.0) | 7 (5.2) | 0.271 | 2.03 (0.58–7.20) | 6 (6.9) | 0.125 | 2.79 (0.75–10.35) | 1 (2.1) | 0.823 | 0.78 (0.08–7.21) |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 93 (68.9) | 80 (59.3) | 50 (57.5) | 0.068 | 30 (62.5) | 0.063 | ||||
| Overweight, n (%) | 29 (21.5) | 24 (17.8) | 0.902 | 0.96 (0.52–1.79) | 19 (21.8) | 0.806 | 1.09 (0.55–2.18) | 5 (10.4) | 0.235 | 0.53 (0.19–1.508) |
| Obese, n (%) | 9 (6.7) | 24 (17.8) | 0.007 | 3.10 (1.36–7.06) | 12 (13.8) | 0.021 | 2.89 (1.17–7.15) | 12 (25.0) | 0.004 | 4.13 (1.59–10.77) |
| Macrocephaly, n (%) | 12 (8.9) | 17 (12.6) | 0.426 | 1.38 (0.63–3.04) | 12 (13.8) | 0.372 | 1.48 (0.62–3.53) | 5 (10.4) | 0.754 | 1.19 (0.40–3.58) |
| Delayed motor development, n (%) | 8 (5.9) | 18 (13.3) | 0.044 | 2.44 (1.02–5.83) | 9 (10.3) | 0.232 | 1.83 (0.68–4.95) | 9 (18.8) | 0.012 | 3.66 (1.32–10.14) |
BMI, body mass index; DP, deformational plagiocephaly; LGA, large for gestational age; OR, odds ratio.
a
Univariable logistic regression analyses of risk factors associated with deformational plagiocephaly.
b
Univariable logistic regression analyses of risk factors associated with mild to moderate deformational plagiocephaly.
c
Univariable logistic regression analyses of risk factors associated with severe deformational plagiocephaly.
Significant P-values (<0.05) are indicated in bold.